I. Health education and health promotion
health education
Health education refers to the educational activities and processes that help people master health care knowledge and skills, establish health concepts and consciously adopt healthy behaviors and lifestyles through information dissemination and behavioral intervention. Its purpose is to eliminate or reduce the risk factors affecting health, prevent diseases, promote health and improve the quality of life. Health education is the basic strategy to solve all health problems, popularize disease prevention methods and control health risk factors.
Children's health education is an educational activity with primary and secondary school students as the educational object and health as the center, and it is an important part of school education. Its purpose is to enable students to acquire a complete concept of health, establish health-promoting behaviors, enjoy health and lay the foundation for lifelong health. The purpose is to cultivate students' behavior habits that are beneficial to themselves, society and the whole people, improve the level of health care knowledge, consciously transform and protect the environment, actively fight against various subjective and objective factors that endanger physical and mental health, prevent and reduce some common and frequently-occurring diseases of children, avoid accidents as much as possible, enhance physical fitness and promote the normal development of lifelong physical and mental health. Chinese and foreign experts agree that schools are important resources to promote national health; The timing and effect of health education for primary and secondary school students are the best. It is of far-reaching significance for improving the health level of the whole nation, changing customs and inspiring the national spirit.
(2) Health promotion
The word "health promotion" appeared in the public health literature as early as the 1920s, and has been widely concerned in recent years. With the rapid development of health promotion, the meaning of health promotion is also developing.
The World Health Organization once defined health promotion as: "Health promotion is the process of promoting people to maintain and improve their own health, the strategy of coordinating the relationship between human beings and their environment, and the responsibility of individuals and society for health." Educator Lawrence Green pointed out: "Health promotion refers to the combination of education and environmental support that can promote the transformation of behavior and living conditions to health." Environment includes social, political, economic and natural environment; Support refers to various systems of policy, legislation, finance, organization and social development. 1995, the world health organization's regional office for the western Pacific published an important document, a new vision of health, pointing out that "health promotion means that individuals, families, communities and countries jointly take measures to encourage healthy behaviors and enhance people's ability to improve and deal with their own health problems". The basic connotation of health promotion includes two aspects: the change of individual and group behavior and the change of government behavior (social environment), and attaches importance to giving full play to the health potential of individuals, families and society.
Health promotion mainly involves activities in five fields, including: (1) establishing public policies to promote health, explicitly requiring non-health departments to establish and implement health promotion policies, with the aim of making people make healthier choices more easily; (2) create a healthy supporting environment, create a safe, satisfactory and pleasant living and working environment for people, systematically evaluate the impact of rapidly changing environment on health, and ensure that the social and natural environment is conducive to healthy development; (3) Enhance the ability of the community, improve the quality of life of the people in the community, fully mobilize the community's strength, actively and effectively participate in the formulation and implementation of health care plans, tap community resources, help them understand their own health problems, and propose solutions to the problems; (4) Develop personal skills so that people can better control their health and environment, constantly learn health knowledge from life, be prepared to deal with health problems that may occur at all stages of life, and deal with chronic diseases and injuries well; (5) Adjust the direction of health service. Individuals, social organizations, health professionals, health departments, industrial and commercial institutions and the government should make joint efforts to establish a health care system conducive to health, adjust the types and directions of health services, and take health promotion and prevention as an integral part of the mode of providing health services to benefit the broadest masses. Therefore, health promotion is a comprehensive education and an activity process of mobilizing social, economic and political forces to improve people's health. It includes not only some health education activities aimed at directly improving the knowledge and skills of individuals and groups, but also those activities that directly change social, economic and environmental conditions to reduce their adverse effects on personal and public health.
The relationship between health education and health promotion
From the basic concepts of health education and health promotion, health education is the forerunner of health promotion, and health promotion is the necessary means to achieve the goal of health education. Without the guidance of health education, health promotion will become passive water and rootless wood; If health education cannot promote healthy development, its role will be greatly limited. Compared with health education, health promotion integrates health education, administrative measures and environmental support. The former focuses on mobilizing social forces, while the latter focuses on the awareness and degree of participation of individuals and society. Therefore, health promotion not only covers the contents of health education information dissemination and behavior intervention, but also emphasizes the strategies of environmental change such as organizational support, policy support and economic support needed for behavior change. It is broader than the field of health education, and it is the essence of the new public health method, which fully shows that health promotion is not only the cause of the health sector, but also a systematic social project that requires the participation of the whole society and multi-sectoral cooperation.
(D) the development of children's health education in China.
School health education in China began in the early 1980s. 1990 Approved by the State Council, the State Education Commission and the Ministry of Health jointly promulgated the Regulations on School Health Work, requiring that health education be included in the teaching plans of primary and secondary schools; 1992, the State Education Commission, the Ministry of Health and the National patriotic health campaign committee jointly formulated the Basic Requirements for Health Education in Primary and Secondary Schools, which standardized the curriculum of school health education, and then the national education department did a lot of teacher training work nationwide; 65438-0997 The State Education Commission issued unified evaluation methods and standards for school health education. Today, the development of health education in primary and secondary schools in China is moving from popularization to improvement. If the task of popularization is to start from scratch, the task of improvement should be to pursue practical results and a higher level of children's health education. According to the key research topic of the Eighth Five-Year Plan of the National Education Science, "Investigation on the Strategic Objectives and Countermeasures of School Physical Education and Healthy Development in 2000", at present, 57.8% of urban and rural primary and secondary schools in China have incorporated health education into school teaching plans, arranged classes, textbooks and teachers, and carried out teaching activities as planned, which is rare in the world.
According to the trend of self-development of health education and its increasing integration with health promotion, the World Health Organization took the lead in launching the "Health Promotion School" in Europe on 1992, mobilizing communities, families and schools to provide students with a comprehensive and positive experience and framework for promoting and protecting health. 1995, this activity was extended to the western Pacific region, thus raising school health education to a new level. Since 1995, with the support of the World Health Organization, China has successively tried this activity in Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin and other places, and gradually extended it to the whole country. At present, these schools have made remarkable achievements in smoking control, mental health, improving the environment, reducing accidents and students' health knowledge, attitude and behavior. The national experience exchange meeting of health promotion schools held in Haikou in May, 2004 shows that health promotion schools carry out a complete concept of health, encourage students to develop good health behaviors inside and outside school, and become more mature and healthy in physiology, psychology, personality and social behavior. At present, there are 500 universities, primary and secondary schools in China that can offer health education courses, provide appropriate health services, have a safe and healthy school environment, and promote and protect the health of students and community members to the maximum extent, thus becoming a health promotion school recognized by the World Health Organization.
Second, the status and role of child health education
Children's health education has two obvious characteristics. First of all, children in the growth and development period are the key objects of health education. The functional activities of children's cerebral cortex have the characteristics of great plasticity and strong imitation. On the basis of establishing a solid dynamic stereotype, it is easy to form good habits. At this special stage, through various means of health education, children can acquire preliminary health knowledge, cultivate health awareness, form healthy behaviors and lifestyles, and become a healthy generation with all-round development. Second, schools are specialized educational institutions and the main places for health education. Its educational process is that educators carry out purposeful, planned and organized health education activities for the educated in schools according to certain social requirements and conditions. The main environment for children to grow up is school and family. Among them, the school is a place to receive systematic scientific and cultural knowledge, which can popularize health care knowledge in combination with basic education and improve children's understanding and enthusiasm for health care work. It is precisely because of these two characteristics that children's health education occupies an extremely important position in the whole health education work.