(A) the main points of knowledge
1 What is a sentence?
Sentences are composed of words or phrases, and they are units of language use with certain intonation and complete meaning. According to usage and mood, sentences can be divided into declarative sentences, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences and exclamatory sentences. According to the structure, it can be divided into simple sentences and complex sentences. What we are going to learn today is a simple sentence, which should be divided into components.
2. Names and symbols of sentence components
Name: subject, predicate, object, attribute, adverbial and complement.
Symbol: subject = predicate ~
Attributive () adverbial [] complement < >
The basic components of a sentence are: subject, predicate and object.
The supplementary elements are: attribute, adverbial and complement.
(2) The subject part and the predicate part can be separated by ‖.
3.( 1) To divide sentence components, we must first study the subject, predicate and object.
Subject: it is the object of the predicate, which means "who" or "what"
Predicate: state the subject, explain the subject, and explain the subject "what" or "how"
Object: after the verb, it means the person or thing involved in the action and behavior, and answers questions such as "who" and "what".
There are generally two kinds of sentences: writing about people and writing about things (writing about things and writing about things). When analyzing a sentence, first judge whether it is "writing people" or "writing things".
① Writing format: "Who"+"What"
(subject) (predicate) (object)
For example, Yang Ya wrote.
Subject-verb-object (SVO)
Note: when dealing with complex simple sentences, we should grasp the trunk.
Yang Ya of No.1 Middle School is writing calligraphy on the desk.
Subject-verb-object (SVO)
Step 2 write
Format: "What" or "What"+"How"
(subject) (predicate, object)
Example: Cats catch fish.
Subject-verb-object (SVO)
A kitten caught a big fish by the pool.
Subject-verb-object (SVO)
Note: "Yes" is a typical verb, usually a "predicate".
He is a student.
Subject-verb-object (SVO)
(2) Dividing sentence components and grasping branches (attributive, adverbial and complement)
Attribute: it plays a role in modifying and limiting the subject or object center in a sentence.
Adverbial: Modifying and limiting the predicate head, usually before the predicate head, and some before the sentence, indicating the time, place, scope, situation, etc.
Complement: it plays a supplementary role in explaining the predicate head, and is usually placed after the predicate head.
Example: Thrushcross Singing
This is a sentence that puts forward a list of subject center, predicate center and object center. The original sentence is "two beautiful thrushes are singing happily."
(2) Beautiful thrush
"Ermei" is "Thrushcross"-the modified part of the subject head, which is called "attribute".
(2) Singing happily
The modifier and restrictive component before the predicate "singing"-"happy" is an adverbial.
(1) Song Dynasty
Modifications and restrictions before the object "Song"-"One" is an attribute.
(4) Singing
Modify and limit the predicate head word "sing" and put it behind-"good" is "complement".
4. Clause formula:
(1) sentence components should be marked correctly; (2) Find the subject and predicate from the whole. (3) The predicate before the subject is called the complement after the subject; (4) The predicate before the subject has only the predicate state. (5) the word "de" is the complement of the word "di", and (6) the object is only dominated by the predicate.
Examples and exercises section
Practice of dividing sentence components
1. Luban was a famous architect in ancient China during the Spring and Autumn Period.
Answer: (Luban) Subject (Yes) Predicate (A famous building in ancient China during the Spring and Autumn Period) Attributive (Craftsman) Object.
Trunk: Luban is a craftsman.
At that time, social productivity was still very backward.
Answer: (At that time) (Social) Attribute (Productivity) Subject (Still) (X) Adverbial (Backward) Predicate
Backbone: backward productive forces.
Luban accepted a big construction project.
Answer: (Luban) Subject (accept) Predicate (le) Adverbial (a big construction project) Attributive (task) Object.
Trunk: Luban accepts the task.
4. Luban got inspiration from it.
Answer: (Lu Ban) Subject (from where) Adverbial (from where) Predicate (from where) Object.
Backbone: Luban was inspired.
Cai Lun was born in a poor blacksmith family.
Answer: (Cai Lun) Subject (birth) Predicate (in a poor blacksmith's house) Complement.
Trunk: Born in Cai Lun.
Exercise:
1, he sincerely asks for your opinions.
Autumn is more prosperous than spring.
Comrade Zhang Side will always be an example for us to learn from.
The car is driving on the endless plateau.
I have been living a simple life in the long struggle.
6. The mountain peak has just revealed a gray outline from the darkness.
7. The faint morning sun just lit up the treetops.
8. Sweat kept rolling down from my face.
He stumbled back to his long-lost hometown from other places.
10, farmers in our village spread a layer of wheat straw on the frozen soil.
1 1. Soldiers who have landed took the opportunity to bend down and rush up.
12, the primary school seems so quiet and mysterious.
13, my heart suddenly felt extremely heavy.
14, he pushed open the door, went in and stood at the table.
15 The company commander ordered us to have a rest at once.
16, Sister Xianglin told Amao to sit on the threshold and peel beans.
Using grammatical structure analysis to deal with sick sentences
When you encounter a sentence with complex structure, finding out its trunk will not only help you understand the basic structure of the sentence and accurately understand its meaning, but also help you check whether there is any problem with the structure of the sentence and the collocation of sentence components. For example:
The discovery of dinosaur fossils in Antarctica (1) provides another powerful evidence to support the theory that the crust moves slowly but inexorably.
(2) Today's youth shoulder the responsibility of building China into a powerful socialist modernization country in this century.
Analysis:
The attributive and adverbial of the first sentence are all compressed, and the remaining trunk is "discovery provides evidence". It can be seen that this sentence has a complete structure and reasonable sentence components; The backbone of the second sentence is "young people shoulder the responsibility of building a strong country." Obviously, the structure of this sentence is incomplete, the predicate "Shoulder" does not match "Building a Powerful Country", and there are usually words such as "task", "mission" and "responsibility" as objects or prepositional object after "Shoulder". This sentence lacks such words, which makes people feel that the words are not finished.
Improper collocation of sick sentences
Improper collocation of subject and predicate:
A cow that used to plow silently in Guixi County, Jiangxi Province, has recently been widely circulated because of its brave fight against wild boar to save people. (People's Daily1June 993 1 1)
Shortly after the opening of the outpatient clinic for treating rheumatoid diseases with ants ... the magical effect of small ants began to go to the world. (Life and Health News199165438+1October 29th)
It is cold in winter, and the number of passengers increases rapidly. (Beijing Traffic Safety1990101October 15)
Analysis:
The above three ill sentences all commit the problem of improper collocation of subject and predicate. This kind of sick sentence can be detected by abbreviations. For example, the backbone of a simple sentence is: cattle are cyclical. This is obviously wrong. What should be widely circulated is the story of cattle. The second sentence can also be simplified as: miraculous effect goes to the world. The "magic effect" can only shake or spread all over the world, and it is not appropriate to use "trend" to match it. The mistake in the third sentence is more obvious. The number of passengers cannot be increased, and the word "flow" can be added after the word "passenger".
Improper collocation of verbs and objects;
The relationship between the verb and the object it carries is manifested in various complex relationships between the actor and the addressee. Usually, there are the following situations in which verbs and objects are improperly collocated:
(1) Verb with object:
The first Education and Art Festival was held in Zhanjiang City, Guangdong Province. (Drama Film1February, 995)
According to the data of Guangzhou Central Meteorological Observatory, Guangzhou ... reached the highest temperature during the Spring Festival in Guangzhou since 1984. (Xinmin Evening News1999 February 18)
The word "hold" in the previous sentence should be changed to "hold", and the words "create" and "temperature" in the latter sentence obviously do not match. The Modern Chinese Dictionary defines "creation" as: start (do); Doing (the first time) an object must be related to "doing", and the temperature exists objectively, so it can't be done. Change it to "the highest temperature since Guangzhou 1984" and it will be smooth.
(2) Verbs with multiple objects:
I felt a strong incense and pious atmosphere in front of Niangniang Temple. (Beijing Youth Daily1February 20, 990)
They are excited because they finally see the feelings and States they have experienced, heard and imagined. (Wen Wei Po 1995 March 17)
Only one noun phrase in these two sentences can be used as an object to match this verb. The first sentence "Feel the atmosphere" is true, but it must not be "Feel the incense". I witnessed the strong fragrance in front of Niangniang Temple and felt the pious atmosphere. The last sentence can be compared: they are excited because they finally feel the feelings they have experienced, heard and imagined, and see the state they have experienced, heard and imagined.
Incorrect alignment:
There are so many talents here! (Youth Daily 1 991February1)
The attributive "Crouching Tiger" and the central word "talent" are not properly matched. "Dragon" and "tiger" are metaphors of talents, and then they are repeated when they are decorated; And "hiding" and "lying" both contain the meaning of "being", which is repeated with the predicate. The whole sentence can be changed to: this is really a place where hidden dragon crouches tiger!
Improper form collocation:
People agree that ... (Beijing Radio and Television News1March 6, 990) "unanimous opinion" and "think" don't quite match.
"Speaking with one voice" clearly describes people's speech, but here it is used to modify the verb "think" and express psychological activities, which is inappropriate. Simply put, change the whole sentence to: people say with one voice ...
Improper collocation training:
At the beginning of this century, 1 was the goal of China's entry into WTO.
("The goal at the beginning of this century" is the improper collocation of subject and predicate. It should be changed to "China's accession to the WTO is the goal to be achieved at the beginning of this century". )
After the people's liberation in China, fundamental changes have taken place in ethnic relations.
China People's Liberation has not changed. What has changed is "ethnic relations." The correct expression should be compound sentence.
I think this reply and the investigation and handling of these problems are irresponsible.
(The word "yes" should be changed to "show". )
In the past, cotton production in China was not self-sufficient.
What is not self-sufficient is "cotton", not "output". )
Before liberation, my father and brother didn't earn enough money to support their families.
Only people can "feed" but not "live". )
But there are also several shortcomings that need our efforts.
What we can "work hard" is not "shortcomings", but "correction". )
At this meeting, there was an extensive exchange of views on the issue of wages.
(instead of soliciting opinions extensively, it should be widely exchanged, which should be changed to "extensive exchange of opinions". )
Incomplete synthesis
Incomplete components include incomplete subject, incomplete predicate and incomplete object.
1. Unfinished topics
Chen said seriously and sincerely: "To tell the truth, the more passionate people are when they are young, the less willing they are to admit that they are old when they are old." . (2005 Hubei Volume 5B)
If the subject is missing, we should add "people" after "enthusiasm".
Mongolian compatriots live on horseback for a long time and carry refined knives with them, which can be used to slaughter and cut the meat of cattle and sheep. When the meat is cooked, it can also be used as tableware. (Guangdong Volume 4D, 2005)
The subject of "can be used for ..." should be "knife". You can change the "sperm lifting knife" to "sperm lifting knife".
More often, the subject is incomplete because of improper use of prepositions.
In this work, there is not much positive encouragement and inspiration to people; On the contrary, some of these plots have many negative effects. (2005 Zhejiang Volume 5B)
The prepositional structure "zai ……" makes the sentence lack of subject, so "in this work" should be changed to "this work".
Observing the trial implementation of the rural management contract law, the legal level of our "village officials" has been greatly improved. (2004 Qinghai Volume)
The use of the preposition "dui" makes this sentence have no subject. Delete "dui" and "we" as subjects.
2. The predicate is incomplete
For example, he took the initiative to deal with social catastrophic accidents, defuse risks and stabilize social life.
[Resolution] Add "commitment" before "participation".
One day, Zhu Kezhong, a cook of the artillery company, was on his way to the artillery position when suddenly a man dressed as a pig picker came up to him.
Add "find" or "see" as the predicate after "suddenly".
3. The object is incomplete
According to the Disciplinary Regulations, it was decided to give the player the qualification to stop participating in all the remaining first-class teams in this year and impose a fine of RMB 40,000. (National Volume IV in 2004)
[analysis] lack of object head language. "Punishment" should be added after "40,000 yuan" to match "giving". In addition, "stop participating in all the remaining first-class teams this year" is also problematic.
In some sentences, the predicate is a coordinate phrase, and one word lacks an object, such as:
Legal experts say that consumers smash goods in public just to humiliate or vent their dissatisfaction. (2005 4D National Volume III)
"Humiliating" lacks an object and should be changed to "humiliating manufacturers or venting dissatisfaction".
This is the formula I am looking for to help you remember:
~ formula for dividing sentence components ~
( 1)
Subject and object, definite complement, clear branches and leaves.
The main components are subject, predicate and object, and the branches and leaves are determined and complement each other.
Attribute must precede subject and object, the former is a form and the latter is a complement.
(2)
Look at the whole sentence, grasp the center and find the subject, predicate and object first.
The subject and original sentence are ambiguous, so the form should be supplemented appropriately.
Predicate is described in form, and attribute modifies subject and object.
It is necessary to distinguish between "virtue", "land" and "virtue".
It stands for fixed complement.