1, what are the types of occupational health monitoring?
A: There are four kinds; (1), before taking up the post; (2) In-service period; (3) Before leaving the company; (4) Emergency health monitoring.
2. Why do occupational health inspection institutions have to obtain the qualification certification of provincial health administrative departments before they can carry out their work?
Answer: The Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on the Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases stipulates that the occupational health examination must be conducted by an occupational health technical service institution established according to law and certified by the health administrative department at or above the provincial level. The health examination conducted by a medical unit without occupational health examination qualification has no legal effect. In addition, the occupational health examination must be related to its occupation, and the health examination institution must master the types of occupational hazards it is exposed to. Only the hazard characteristics, the specific hazards to human body and the concentration of occupational hazards related to the workplace can comprehensively analyze the test results. Therefore, occupational health examination is a special kind of health examination, which has its particularity and must be undertaken by professional institutions.
3. How are the inspection items of occupational health examination determined?
Answer: The occupational health examination should determine the examination items and the examination period according to the categories of occupational hazard factors contacted and the provisions of the occupational health examination items and periods of the Ministry of Health. If you need to review, you can add examination items accordingly. The occupational health examination checklist should be filled in, and the Health Examination Checklist for Radiation Workers should be filled in.
4. Why do enterprises have to provide workers' occupational history during occupational health examination?
A: Occupational history reflects the working experience of workers, which is very important for judging the results of health monitoring and is a very important content in occupational health examination. (1) abnormal physical examination results combined with comprehensive analysis of occupational history to determine whether it is related to occupation; (2) Occupational history is an important basis for occupational disease diagnosis; (3) Occupational history can be used to analyze what harmful factors caused the occupational hazards suffered by workers, and whether it is related to enterprises. (4) Enterprises providing workers' occupational history can prevent workers from not providing or providing false occupational history, thus causing legal disputes over occupational diseases; (5) The Law on the Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases stipulates that the last employer has evidence to prove that occupational diseases are caused by the occupational hazards of the previous employer, and the previous employer shall bear the responsibility.
5. The significance of occupational health examination for workers before, during and after their posts.
Answer: (1) Pre-job occupational health examination. The purpose is to determine the health status of workers before engaging in an operation, whether they are suitable to participate in harmful operations, whether they have occupational taboos, and whether they have diseases that endanger others, such as infectious diseases and mental illness. It provides an objective basis for employers to arrange employment, especially whether to arrange workers to engage in jobs with occupational hazards.
(2) Regular physical examination during employment. The purpose is to find out the early impact of occupational hazards on workers' health in time, diagnose and deal with them in time, observe suspicious patients, transfer workers with occupational taboos or workers with occupational-related health damage in time, and arrange appropriate work.
(3) undergo a physical examination. The contents and items of physical examination are to select some sensitive indicators to check the workers according to the occupational harmful factors existing in their posts and types of work. The purpose is to understand and judge whether the current health status and its changes are related to occupational hazards after workers have been engaged in harmful operations for a certain period of time.
(4) Emergency health examination. The purpose is to master the health status of employees affected by occupational hazards when they occur.
5. Why do you want to establish occupational health monitoring files?
The contents of occupational health monitoring files include: the occupational history of workers, the exposure history of occupational hazard factors, the results of occupational health examination, the diagnosis and treatment of occupational diseases and other personal health-related information. This information can provide a basis for workers' health tracking, occupational disease diagnosis, health damage responsibility division and occupational disease hazard evaluation. Therefore, the employer must establish occupational health monitoring files for each worker and keep them properly within the prescribed time limit. The storage period of archives should generally not be less than 65,438+00 years. When leaving the employer, the laborer has the right to ask for a copy of his occupational health monitoring file, and the employer shall provide it truthfully and free of charge, and sign the copy provided.
6. Should the employer truthfully inform the workers of the results of the occupational health examination? What should I do with people who check for abnormalities?
Answer: The employing unit must organize the occupational health examination before, during and before leaving the post according to the requirements of the health administrative department, and inform the workers of the examination results truthfully. Workers who have not been inspected before taking up their posts shall not be arranged to engage in operations that are exposed to occupational hazards; Workers with occupational contraindications shall not be arranged to engage in taboo operations; Workers who find occupational-related health damage during occupational health examination shall be transferred from their original posts and properly placed.
7. What are the precautions for occupational health examination?
Answer: (1) Avoid overeating three days before the exam, pay attention to rest and get enough sleep.
(2) The physical examination requires that blood be drawn on an empty stomach from 7: 30 to 8: 30 in the morning, and no later than 10:00.
(3) Women should avoid X-ray examination during pregnancy.
(4) In addition to the basic items reflecting the health status, the inspection items set in the physical examination form also include some special inspection items aimed at occupational hazards. Some tests are of special significance for early detection of occupational injuries and occupational contraindications. Some subjects voluntarily give up the exam because they are afraid of trouble or shyness. If the subject really has a lesion, it will naturally lose the best opportunity for treatment and disposal.
(5) Explain the medical history. The medical history is an important reference for the medical examiner to judge the health status of the examinee. Some candidates hold the psychology of "assessing" the level of medical examiners, thinking that diseases can only be found out, but not found out. But the result of doing so is often counterproductive. The medical history statement should be objective and accurate, and important diseases should not be omitted.
(6) truthfully provide professional history. Occupational history is an important part of occupational health examination, and it is also an important basis for chief physicians to judge patients' occupational injuries or suspected occupational diseases.
(7) Pay attention to the conclusion of physical examination. The conclusion of physical examination is a generalization and summary of the health status of the subjects, and it is a reasonable suggestion put forward by the chief physician based on the comprehensive analysis of the physical examination results of various subjects, which has important guiding significance for correcting bad behavior habits and preventing occupational diseases. Some subjects pay more attention to the process of physical examination, but ignore the conclusion of physical examination, and do not read and implement it carefully, which makes the occupational health examination meaningless.
(8) I must provide my ID card.
8. What is the process of occupational health examination?
A: (1) Enterprise appointment; Provide the information list of the inspected (stamped with the official seal of the enterprise), and determine the inspection items, charging standards and specific time.
(2) Physical examination process:
Note: according to the items specified in the checklist, it can be carried out at the same time;
After the examination, the physical examination form must be returned to the blood collection office.
9. What is the difference between occupational health examination and general health examination?
A: Occupational health examination is different from general health examination. Occupational health examination is mandatory by national laws, and its inspection items are determined according to the occupational hazard factors that employees are exposed to. Its main purpose is to check suspected occupational diseases, occupational injuries and occupational contraindications. General health examination items are set according to the needs of clients, and their main purpose is to find various diseases.
10, can occupational health check out various diseases?
Answer: The purpose of occupational health examination is to check suspected occupational diseases, occupational injuries and occupational contraindications related to occupation. Its inspection items are specially designed for exposure to occupational hazards and are carried out around occupational diseases and occupational operations. Occupational health examination is a cross-sectional examination, not dynamic and continuous, so it has certain limitations. The examination results are only the basis of occupational disease diagnosis, and are not used for clinical diagnosis. We can't think that occupational health examination can detect various diseases, and general diseases need to go to general hospitals.
Part II: Knowledge of monitoring and evaluation of occupational hazards.
1. Why should the harmful factors of occupational diseases in the workplace be tested regularly?
Answer: Conduct regular and regular detection of occupational hazard factors in the workplace, aiming at timely understanding the generation, diffusion and change law of occupational hazard factors; Identification and evaluation of the impact on workers' health and the effect of occupational disease protection facilities can provide scientific basis for protecting workers' health and adopting corresponding protection facilities.
2. How does the employer monitor the occupational hazard factors daily?
Answer: The employer should have a special person to monitor the occupational hazards on a daily basis and ensure the normal operation of the monitoring system. The employing unit shall, in accordance with the provisions of the administrative department of health of the State Council, regularly detect and evaluate the occupational hazards in the workplace. The results shall be stored in the occupational health archives of the employer, reported to the health administrative department regularly, and announced to the workers. Detection and evaluation of occupational hazards shall be carried out by occupational health service institutions established according to law and approved by the health administrative department of the people's government at or above the provincial level.
3. The detection of occupational hazards in the workplace does not meet the occupational health standards. What should the employer do?
Answer: If it is found that the occupational hazards in the workplace do not meet the national occupational health standards and health requirements, the employer shall take immediate measures to deal with them. If it still does not meet the occupational health standards and health requirements after treatment, it is necessary to stop the operation with occupational hazards. After testing, it is confirmed that it meets the national occupational health standards and health requirements, and then the operation can be resumed.
4. Must the construction project be evaluated for occupational hazards?
Article 15 of the Law on the Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases stipulates that the construction units that may produce occupational hazards in newly built, rebuilt or expanded construction projects and technical transformation and technology introduction projects (collectively referred to as construction projects) shall submit a pre-assessment report on occupational hazards to the health administrative department at the feasibility demonstration stage. Article 16 stipulates that before the completion of a construction project, the construction unit shall evaluate the control effect of occupational hazards. When the construction project is completed and accepted, the occupational disease prevention facilities shall be put into formal production and use only after passing the acceptance by the health administrative department. The pre-evaluation of occupational hazards and the evaluation of the control effect of occupational hazards are carried out by occupational health technical service institutions established according to law and certified by health administrative departments at or above the provincial level. In addition, the evaluation of occupational hazards in construction projects is a fundamental measure to prevent occupational diseases. Through the evaluation, the occupational hazards can be identified, and targeted engineering protection measures can be put forward from the surface to avoid the project not meeting the requirements of occupational disease prevention and control at the same time, and the enterprise will invest repeatedly.
Part III: Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Knowledge
1. What is an occupational disease?
A: Occupational disease refers to the diseases caused by workers of enterprises, institutions and individual economic organizations (collectively referred to as employers) who are exposed to dust, radioactive substances and other toxic and harmful substances in their professional activities. The classification and catalogue of occupational diseases shall be formulated, adjusted and published by the administrative department of health of the State Council in conjunction with the administrative department of labor security of the State Council.
2. At present, there are several types of statutory occupational diseases clearly stipulated in China's legislation.
Answer: Ten categories, 1 15. One is pneumoconiosis; Second, radiation-induced diseases; Third, occupational poisoning; 4. Occupational diseases caused by physical factors; 5. Occupational diseases caused by biological factors; 6. Occupational dermatosis; 7. Occupational eye diseases; Occupational otorhinolaryngology and oral diseases; 9. Occupational tumor; X. Other occupational diseases.
3. What are the occupational hazards?
A: Occupational hazards refer to all kinds of hazards that may lead to occupational diseases for workers engaged in occupational activities.
4. What are the occupational hazards?
A: Occupational hazards include all kinds of harmful chemical, physical and biological factors existing in occupational activities and other occupational hazards arising in the course of work.
5. What are the main occupational hazards in the workplace?
A: Occupational hazards in the workplace can be divided into the following three categories according to their sources:
(1) Harmful factors in the production process:
Chemical factors: productive poisons, such as lead, benzene series, chlorine and mercury; Productive dust, such as silica dust, asbestos dust, coal dust, organic dust, etc.
B physical factors: mainly abnormal meteorological conditions such as high temperature, high humidity and low temperature; Abnormal air pressure, such as high air pressure and low air pressure; Noise and vibration; Non-ionizing radiation, such as visible light, ultraviolet light, infrared light, laser, radio frequency radiation, etc. X-ray and other ionizing radiation.
C biological factors: such as Bacillus anthracis and Brucella on animal fur; Other infectious pathogens, such as forest encephalitis virus.
(2). Harmful factors in the labor process:
Unreasonable labor organization and system, unreasonable working time system, etc. ;
Mental (psychological) occupational stress;
C. The labor intensity is too high or the production quotas is improper, so it is impossible to reasonably arrange the work suitable for the physical condition of the workers;
D excessive pressure on individual organs or systems, such as poor eyesight;
E being in bad posture or posture for a long time, or working with unreasonable tools.
(3) Harmful factors in the production environment
A the role of natural environmental factors, such as high temperature radiation in hot season and poor ventilation caused by closed doors and windows in cold season;
B the building or layout of the factory building is unreasonable, such as toxic area and non-toxic area are arranged in one workshop;
Environmental pollution caused by unreasonable production technology.
6. What are the common types of toxic substances?
Answer: ① Metal and nonmetal. Common metallic and nonmetallic poisons include lead, mercury, manganese, nickel, beryllium, arsenic, phosphorus and their compounds.
(2) Irritant gas-refers to the gas that can irritate eyes and respiratory mucosa, and is a toxic gas often encountered in the chemical industry. There are many kinds of irritating gases, the most common ones are chlorine, ammonia, nitrogen oxides, phosgene, hydrogen fluoride, sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, dimethyl sulfate and so on.
(3) Asphyxiating gas-refers to the toxic gas that can cause hypoxia. Asphyxiating gases can be divided into simple asphyxiating gases, blood asphyxiating gases and cell asphyxiating gases, such as nitrogen, methane, ethane, ethylene, carbon monoxide, nitrobenzene vapor, hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen sulfide.
(4) pesticides-including pesticides, fungicides, acaricides, herbicides, etc. -If effective preventive measures are not taken during production, transportation, use and storage, poisoning may occur.
⑤. Organic compounds-mostly toxic and harmful substances, such as xylene, carbon disulfide, gasoline, methanol, acetone, etc. And amino and nitro compounds of benzene, such as aniline and nitrobenzene.
6. Polymer compounds are non-toxic or have little toxicity, but free monomers will be released during processing and use, which is harmful to human body. For example, phenolic resin will release phenol and formaldehyde when heated, which has a stimulating effect. Some polymer compounds, such as PTFE plastics, are decomposed into tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene and octafluoroisobutylene at high temperature, which cause chemical pneumonia or pulmonary edema after inhalation. Most monomers commonly used in the production of polymer compounds are harmful to human body.
7. What are the main ways for poisons to enter the human body?
A: In industrial production, poisons mainly enter the body through the respiratory tract and skin, and can also enter through the digestive tract.
(1), respiratory tract is the most important way for poisons to enter the human body in industrial production. All poisons in the form of gas, steam, fog, smoke and dust can invade the human body through the respiratory tract. The human lung consists of hundreds of millions of alveoli, and the alveolar wall is very thin, and there are abundant capillaries on the wall. Once the poison enters the lungs, it will soon enter the blood circulation through the alveolar wall and be transported to the whole body. The most important factor for absorption through respiratory tract is its concentration in the air.
② In industrial production, it is also common that poisons are absorbed by the skin. Fat-soluble poisons need to become water-soluble after being absorbed by the epidermis, so substances that are easily soluble in water and fat (such as aniline) are easily absorbed by the skin.
③ In industrial production, poisons are mostly absorbed through the digestive tract due to poor personal hygiene habits. Poisons contaminated by hands enter the digestive tract with diet or smoking. Insoluble poisons that enter the respiratory tract can be swallowed through the pharynx after being cleared.
8. What are the main measures to prevent occupational diseases?
Answer: (1), vigorously carry out technological innovation and reform the production process, such as replacing toxic or highly toxic substances with non-toxic or low-toxic substances and replacing high-noise equipment with low-noise equipment. The production process has been mechanized and automated, thus reducing the opportunities for workers to be exposed to occupational hazards.
(2) Take technical measures such as ventilation, detoxification, noise reduction and isolation to reduce or eliminate occupational hazards.
(3) Conduct "three simultaneities" review on new construction, reconstruction, expansion and technical transformation projects to ensure that the concentration or intensity of harmful factors reaches the national standards after the completion of these projects.
(4) Strengthen the management of production equipment to prevent toxic substances from running, leaking, dripping and polluting the environment.
(5) Formulate and strictly abide by safety operation procedures to prevent accidents.
(6) Strengthen personal protection, develop good hygiene habits and prevent harmful substances from entering the body.
(7) Arrange the rest system reasonably, pay attention to nutrition, and enhance the body's resistance to harmful substances.
(8) Carry out pre-job occupational health examination and regular occupational health examination for workers exposed to productive harmful operations, find contraindications and patients with occupational diseases as soon as possible, and deal with them as soon as possible.
(9) According to a series of health standards formulated by the state, regularly detect the concentration or intensity of productive harmful factors in the working environment, find problems in time and solve them in time.
9. What should workers do if they are suspected of occupational diseases?
If a worker is suspected to have an occupational disease, first, he should go to a medical institution that has obtained the qualification of occupational health examination as soon as possible to preliminarily determine whether his disease is related to his occupation. If occupational diseases cannot be ruled out, all relevant occupational materials should be brought, mainly including the occupational history confirmed by the employer, the contact history of occupational hazard factors, the detection and evaluation results of occupational hazard factors in the original workplace, local health examination materials, and my ID card. And go to the occupational disease diagnosis institution where the employer is located or where I live to obtain qualification certification for further diagnosis.
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