"When I miss you, you make trouble in the sea" is an interview record of the 1979 animated film "What makes trouble in the sea" by several young people in "Empty Set Animation Archive", which records the whole story and the behind-the-scenes story in detail. Infinite Pinghua is written by a math teacher, which is about three crises in the history of mathematics. It is pure science knowledge, and the article is difficult to read at first. After reading it, according to the author's rational thinking, it is very interesting and brain-burning. Yan, a civilian educator in the Republic of China, talked about his life ambition and felt his spirit. In addition, there is "Reading Gardens in Pinyuan", which introduces the architectural design of Yuanmingyuan in Qing Dynasty in detail. "Aunt Tian" is about the life experience of a woman who came from obscurity in the Republic of China, as well as the experiences of people around her. In the great era, young people were tenacious and filled with emotion. The sound is 20 16 records.
Reading the library is my wealth, and I often read something new. Because of the depth and breadth of his selected works, I don't chase hot spots and never go out of date. This time, I reread several good articles I missed before, especially one of them, which was strict.
When I was in college, I especially loved reading articles and biographies during the Republic of China. At that time, I probably knew Yan's name, but I didn't go deep into it. After reading this article, I found that I almost missed the opportunity to know him.
Yan was born in the late Qing Dynasty. After the Qing Dynasty, warlords and the Republic of China, he devoted his life to civilian education and was called "a pragmatic civilian educator". There are two key words in this evaluation, one is civilian educator; The second is hard work.
Yan devoted his whole life to civilian education, which was related to his personal experience and his time. First of all, he is based on sympathy for civilians. The second is based on changing the country's ideals.
Yan, 1890, was born in a private school family in Bazhong, Sichuan. Influenced by his father and missionaries, he received Christian and western education in his childhood. At the age of thirteen, I walked three hundred miles from my hometown of Bazhong to study in Baoning. During the five days and four nights on foot, I met many laborers carrying salt on the road, and I often stayed with them at night when I was in a boarding inn. This is his first close contact with workers, and he has an entry-level understanding of the hardships of workers' lives.
When I was studying in Hong Kong in my youth, I felt deeply that the country was poor and weak, and I wanted to learn political and economic knowledge, mainly political science. Then he transferred from Hong Kong to Europe and entered Yale University. When I was studying, it was the first world war. During this period, I went to France as a member of the "student overseas volunteer group" and got in touch with China workers. I see that many Europeans despise workers and want to do something to improve their image. Many workers can't read, so let him write home. After in-depth contact with workers, Yan found that many workers are not ignorant, but have no opportunity to receive education. Teaching them to read can develop their "brain mines" and improve their lives, images and thoughts.
A sensitive, kind and empathetic person is more likely to feel the suffering and pain of others. After feeling the pain of others, you can't just sit back and do something. Yan's enthusiasm for civilian education broke out in the process of teaching workers to read and write, which became his lifelong ambition.
Yan insists on mass education and believes that everyone should have the opportunity to receive education, regardless of identity, class, religion or politics. In a word, education has no class. Confucianism (Confucianism), Christianity (Christ) and coolies (coolies) popularized his philosophy of life. Confucianism made him humble, Christ made him persistent in his faith, and his sympathy for labor coolies made him devote himself to civilian education.
After graduating from Yale University, he got a master's degree from Princeton University. According to his grades, he could have continued to study for a doctorate. However, due to the collapse of the monarchy in China at this time, what should be done in the new society is a question that many people think about. Yan decided to join the trend of social transformation in China. Because he had contact with laborers and felt that the country was poor and weak, he decided not to go to school and only did literacy education for illiterate citizens.
Civilians are the majority of the country, and they are often at the bottom of social economy, politics and culture. Just like the bucket effect, change has improved them, and the literacy of the whole country and the whole people will be greatly improved.
Yan is called a doer because he is not an empty ideal and a complacent status quo, but a practitioner who integrates knowledge with action and immediately puts it into action.
1in July, 920, Yan returned to China and began to practice his ideals in China, carrying out civilian education. First, make a survey to make clear the principles, direction and operation mode of civilian education, and then invite more than 50 experts such as Tao Xingzhi and Sun Fuyuan to compile civilian education textbooks. 1922, after the textbook was printed, he took Changsha as a pilot to carry out the work of "civilian education". With the help of official propaganda, he enrolled 1300 students and started literacy classes within three days. Later, it was extended to the whole country, and a non-governmental organization, Ping Church, was established, which was not affiliated to any government agency and carried out civilian education by raising funds.
Yan believes that the poor in the country are the weak, and the people at the bottom have four major diseases, namely "stupidity, poverty, weakness and selfishness". Stupidity, that is, lack of knowledge; Poverty, that is, poverty and food and clothing insecurity; Weak, that is, weak constitution, all kinds of infectious diseases continue, and the average life expectancy is only a little over 30; Private, is the lack of public morality, everything only consider their own interests.
Based on these four diseases, Ping Church gathered a large number of talented and idealistic young people in Dingxian County, Hebei Province, and began to experiment in Dingxian County, transforming the countryside and carrying out four major educations: literature and art, people's livelihood, health and citizenship. Literature and art education can eliminate ignorance, mainly by popularizing civilian education through literacy classes, mobilizing people's enthusiasm through drama forms, and improving people's knowledge and literary level; Livelihood education to get rid of poverty, agricultural experts in folk research, research out suitable agricultural technology, spread technology to farmers, improve productivity; Health education should be weakened, and through the establishment of a three-level medical service system at county, township and village, prevention should be given priority to prevent and control infectious diseases, publicize health knowledge and protect people's health; Civic education should be private, promoting national consciousness and advocating dedication and cooperation consciousness.
The experimental results in Dingxian county show that the illiteracy rate of farmers in Dingxian county is 84%, but after five years of literature and art education in the church, the illiteracy rate has dropped to 40%. 1934 A nationwide smallpox epidemic occurred, and a large number of people died everywhere. Because of health education and prevention of infectious diseases, only two people got sick in Dingxian County, and the incidence rate of 1936 was zero, which was the only one in China at that time.
At the beginning, the implementation of "Four Educations" in Dingxian achieved remarkable results, and the new China more or less borrowed its theoretical methods in the process of transformation.
19 12 years, Yan decided to study in Hong Kong, but she needed her parents' consent. At this time, his father had died and his mother was still there, so he walked hundreds of miles home to ask his mother for advice. For his mother, the husband has died, the eldest son died of an unknown disease, and now the younger son is going to the territory under the jurisdiction of foreigners. Generally, rural women feel very sinister and want to keep their sons around to rely on. However, his mother agreed to study in Hong Kong without hesitation. Under the circumstances, a country woman who lost her husband and never heard from her was brave enough to make such a decision. I just don't know what worries she experienced when she made the decision to send her son away.
Yan's way of studying has been influenced by her friends many times. Yan's father is a teacher in a private school. At first, he received the traditional imperial examination education. Later, influenced by Christian friends of western missionaries, he received western education. After Yan graduated, he had an affair with Shi Wenxuan, a British missionary in Sichuan. Seeing that he was full of western languages and had a foundation, Shi Wenxuan felt that he should not be buried in a provincial capital, and repeatedly suggested that he go to Hong Kong for further study and accompany him to Hong Kong. After graduating from Hong Kong, Yan went to America by boat, but he was not confident enough. To be on the safe side, his original plan was to go to an Oberlin University with an average ranking. During the boat ride, I met an American, Ye Xiaokai, because I am good at chatting. Graduated from Yale University, I saw his talent in a chat with Yan. He was repeatedly advised to give up Oberlin and go to Yale University with excellent academic atmosphere and many famous teachers. It was this conversation that made him change his mind and switch to Yale University. These friends I have made in my life have changed my life track, which shows the importance of keeping an open mind and making friends.
Today, there may not be many people who know Yan in China. If I hadn't read this article, I might think that Yan, who has died, has nothing to do with this land now. However, after reading his immortal experiment and recalling his own growth, I realized that we still had Hui Ze. Although Ping Church was dissolved in 1949 and Yan went abroad at that time, his ideas of civilian education, literature and art, people's livelihood, health and civic education in Dingxian still nourished this land in different forms.
I grew up in the countryside. My father is a rural primary school teacher. In the 1980s and 1990s, they also went to various villages to run literacy classes. I vaguely remember asking him what a literacy class was. There should be few illiterate people in the countryside now.
My grandfather graduated from the Municipal Agricultural College. In the years I can remember, he worked in the agricultural station in the town, often went to the countryside to guide agricultural production, and farmers often came to him. When to sow hybrid rice, how to plant in dry land, how to throw seedlings, what insects are born in rice fields, when to apply pesticides, what drugs to apply, and so on, he will go directly to the village for guidance.
Health education in Dingxian county is based on the three-level medical security system. The first level, village health workers, are directly responsible for villagers' health propaganda, vaccination, prevention of infectious diseases and provision of first aid treatment; The second level, township health centers, train and supervise village health workers, plan and supervise vaccination, and provide outpatient treatment; The third level, the county health center, is the general organ of county health education and health education. In the past, the sanitation environment in rural areas was very poor, and infectious diseases and parasites were serious. After the establishment of the three-level medical security system, prevention should be given priority to ensure the health of farmers. After 1960, China's medical and health policy was also based on this principle, and a rural medical network with barefoot doctors as the bottom layer was established. In primary school, I dug out a red novel "Red Rain" from my father's bookcase, telling the story of a barefoot doctor. On the cover, a barefoot young man in red was smiling and running in a rainy night, which impressed me so far. My primary school is in the village brigade. There are several houses, a village committee, a school, two shops and a health clinic in that small place. The favorite place to go is the shop, with snacks, TV and many people playing. The place I fear most is the health center next to the school. As soon as I went in, I smelled of potions. A doctor and a nurse in the health care center were scared when they saw the needle taken by the doctor. And if you make a mistake, you are scared to send it to the hospital for an injection, and you will run away when you see the hospital from a distance. In childhood, doctors are the most terrible existence. As everyone knows, it is because of them that we are safe and healthy.
I have read "If You Can Be a Farmer" written by Green Demon before, which is a book about rural areas in Taiwan Province Province. Taiwan Province's agricultural development model and farmers' self-built groups are mentioned in the book, and their cooperation model is also a part of Dingxian experimental civic education.
During the Republic of China, ideal young people with ideals, ambitions and talents devoted their lives to this desolate land. After the change of the times, Pingjiao was dissolved in 1949, and went to the United States strictly through Taiwan Province Province. After that, Pingjiao continued to carry out civilian education in the Philippines and founded the International Rural Reform Institute, which lasted for 36 years. Although the Ping Church is no longer there, the civilian education model in Dingxian County has benefited the descendants of the other side and the exotic Philippines.
One of Yan's criticisms is that his practice "can't solve the root of poverty and ignorance". Lu Xun wrote a sharp article about the four stubborn diseases of the bottom people, such as "stupidity, poverty, weakness and selfishness", with the intention of stinging and awakening people's hearts; Xiao Hong wrote "Biography of Hulan River", which described the ignorance, poverty, weakness and selfishness of the people at the bottom in her eyes. This is also a mirror for people to see themselves. Others overthrow the old regime and establish a new system under the banner of revolution. Yan immediately did what he thought. He should know that it was impossible to solve it fundamentally, but he still pushed the boulder of "civilian education" to the top of the mountain again and again with Sisyphus's insistence until he was old enough to pull him down.
1990 65438+1October 17. Yan died in new york apartment at the age of 99.
The four major problems of "ignorance, poverty, weakness and selfishness" of civilians have improved a lot compared with the last century. However, in today's era, urbanization is becoming more and more obvious, classes are gradually solidified, rural educational resources are gradually decreasing, and many young people in rural towns and villages flock to the urban-rural fringe to become the "three gods" of Internet cafes. Who cares and is working hard for their own survival in this era?