Acetone cyanohydrin can cause acute poisoning due to skin pollution, inhalation and inhalation of vapor in respiratory tract. The severity of symptoms is related to the amount absorbed by the body. The initial symptoms are headache, palpitation, weakness, dizziness, chest tightness, nausea, vomiting and death.
2. Acrylonitrile, CH2=CHCN, is a colorless, flammable and volatile liquid with a special almond smell. Slightly soluble in water, its low concentration aqueous solution is extremely unstable and easily soluble in general solvents. Acrylic acid is produced during hydrolysis and propionitrile is produced during reduction. Easy to polymerize, and can also be polymerized with vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride and other monomers. Acrylonitrile is mainly used to manufacture acrylic fiber, nitrile rubber, ABS engineering plastics, acrylate and acrylic resin.
Acrylonitrile is highly toxic, which can cause acute poisoning and chronic poisoning after entering human body. Clinical symptoms of acute acrylonitrile poisoning: mild poisoning is manifested as fatigue, dizziness, headache, nausea and vomiting. , accompanied by symptoms of mucosal irritation; In addition to the above symptoms, severe poisoning may cause chest tightness, palpitation, restlessness, dyspnea, cyanosis, convulsion and coma, and respiratory arrest may occur if not rescued in time. At present, the chronic toxicity of acrylonitrile to human body is inconclusive, and it is generally manifested as neurasthenia syndrome, such as dizziness, headache, fatigue, insomnia, dreaminess and irritability. In addition, acrylonitrile can cause contact dermatitis, manifested as erythema, herpes and desquamation, and may have pigmentation after healing.
3. Poisoning caused by inhalation of benzene vapor through respiratory tract or skin contact with benzene. There are acute and chronic. Acute benzene poisoning mainly produces anesthetic effect on the central nervous system, leading to coma and muscle twitching; High concentrations of benzene are irritating to the skin. Long-term exposure to low-concentration benzene can cause chronic benzene poisoning, hematopoietic dysfunction, early leukopenia, and then thrombocytopenia and anemia. Patients may have nosebleeds, gingival bleeding, subcutaneous bleeding, menorrhagia and other clinical manifestations. Acute cases mainly take first aid and symptomatic treatment. In chronic benzene, various drugs can be used to stimulate bone marrow cells to make blood, and blood transfusion can be used if necessary; Once the patients with chronic benzene poisoning are diagnosed, they should leave benzene operation as soon as possible, so that they should not be exposed to benzene and related compounds for a short time after treatment and rehabilitation.
Measures to prevent benzene poisoning: use non-toxic or low-toxic substances to replace benzene, use benzene-free thinner for painting and spray painting, strengthen closed ventilation in the production site where benzene is used, use personal protective equipment reasonably, wash masks and work clothes contaminated by benzene frequently, avoid direct contact with benzene by hands, and prevent it from entering the body through the skin, causing degreasing and corrosion to nails and skin. People who are frequently exposed to benzene should have regular physical examinations, and those who suffer from central nervous system diseases, mental diseases, blood system diseases and liver and kidney damage should not be exposed to benzene. In different countries, the allowable amount of benzene vapor in the air ranges from a few milligrams to several hundred milligrams per cubic meter.
4. Tetraethyl lead is a colorless and transparent oily liquid with a slightly sweet taste of fruit, and the lead content is about 64%. It is very volatile at room temperature, even at 0℃, it can produce a lot of steam, and its specific gravity is slightly larger than that of air. When exposed to light, it can decompose to produce triethyl lead. It is highly fat soluble, insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents. Acute tetraethyl lead poisoning is a systemic disease with neuropsychiatric symptoms as the main clinical manifestations, which can lead to coma and death in severe cases. More common in accidents.
5. Clinical cadmium poisoning Cadmium and its compounds have certain toxicity. Inhalation of cadmium oxide smoke can cause acute poisoning. At the initial stage of poisoning, symptoms such as sore throat, cough, chest tightness, shortness of breath, dizziness, nausea, body aches, weakness, fever, etc. In severe cases, toxic pulmonary edema or chemical pneumonia may occur, with obvious dyspnea, chest pain and a lot of foamy blood sputum, and may die of acute respiratory failure. Using cadmium-plated utensils to prepare or store acidic foods or drinks may contain cadmium in the diet, which may also cause acute cadmium poisoning after ingestion. The incubation period is short, usually after 10 ~ 20 minutes, symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea may occur. Severe cases are accompanied by dizziness, sweating, collapse, numbness of upper limbs, and even convulsions and shock. It usually takes 3 to 5 days to recover.
Long-term inhalation of cadmium will lead to chronic poisoning and kidney damage, mainly manifested in the large amount of low molecular weight proteins in urine. Although the filtration function of glomerulus is mostly normal, the recovery function of renal tubules decreases and the excretion of cadmium in urine increases.
6. The early symptoms of cyanide poisoning are dizziness, headache, accelerated respiratory rate, cyanosis (dark purple blood due to lack of oxygen) and coma in the later stage; Some people can smell the unique almond smell of cyanide between the breaths of poisoned patients. High dose exposure will damage the brain and heart in a short time, causing coma and death; Long-term exposure to low doses may lead to dyspnea, heartburn, vomiting, blood changes (increased hemoglobin and lymphocyte count), headache and goiter. If you ingest a lot of cyanide, you may take a deep breath, shortness of breath, faint, lose consciousness or die. Ulcer, skin irritation and erythema will occur after skin contact; There will be irritation, burns and blurred vision after eye contact, and excessive or delayed contact will cause permanent damage to eyes.
7. Health hazards of DDT: Mild poisoning can cause headache, dizziness, fatigue, sweating, insomnia, nausea, vomiting, and occasionally hand and finger muscles twitch and tremble. Severe poisoning is often accompanied by high fever, sweating, vomiting and diarrhea; Nervous system excitement, upper and lower limbs and facial muscle tension convulsions, epileptic convulsions, convulsions; Respiratory disorders, dyspnea, cyanosis, sometimes pulmonary edema, and even respiratory failure; Liver and kidney organ damage, hepatomegaly, liver function changes; Oliguria, anuria, protein and red blood cells in urine; Irritation to the skin may lead to redness, burning sensation, itching and dermatitis. If splashed in the eyes, it may cause temporary blindness. The general toxicity of DDT is the same as that of bhc, which belongs to nerve and parenchymal organ poisons and has moderate acute toxicity to human beings and most other organisms. It can be absorbed through the skin and is a typical representative of contact poisoning. Because it will evaporate to a certain extent even below 12℃ under normal pressure, inhalation of DDT vapor will also cause poisoning. Whether it is intentional or negligent, taking a large amount can cause poisoning.
8. Epichlorohydrin, also known as propylene oxide. It is a colorless and unstable liquid with a pungent smell similar to chloroform. Mainly used for manufacturing epoxy resin. It has a strong stimulating effect on respiratory tract, eyes and skin. Acute poisoning is characterized by obvious neurotoxicity and false radiation effect. The death time of animals is mostly within 24 hours after acute poisoning, and the cause of death is due to the inhibition of the central nervous system, especially the respiratory center. Its neurotoxicity is related to the damage of mitochondria in the microtubules of nerve fiber axons. Repeated skin coating will lead to large area necrosis of animal skin. Liquid has obvious irritation to eyes, and steam also has obvious irritation to eyes. Leakage or pipeline rupture in production may lead to acute poisoning.
9. hydrazine poisoning is not common. When clinicians first meet patients with hydrazine poisoning, they are not familiar with the chemical composition and clinical manifestations caused by hydrazine poisoning. Two hours after the patient was admitted to the hospital, we learned through Beijing Institute of Toxicology that there were no cases of this kind of poisoning treatment in China, so we could try high-dose B 63000 m/d treatment, and the mechanism was similar to that of isoniazid poisoning treatment. Hydrazine, also known as hydrazine hydrate, is a chemical reagent with the molecular formula of N2H4. It is weakly alkaline and highly toxic when dissolved in water. A small amount of (unknown) poisoning can cause damage to the liver, heart and nervous system, and can also leave damage to the peripheral nervous system. In addition to early gastric lavage with plenty of water, you can also try a large dose of vitamin B6 for treatment.
Characteristics of this case of oral hydrazine poisoning:
① The swallowing concentration is 40%, and the purity is low.
(2) the toxicity is reduced, that is, vomiting and spitting out a large amount of milky hydrazine solution after taking it, so that the absorption of gastrointestinal tract is relatively reduced.
③ Drink plenty of water after taking poison to dilute the hydrazine concentration in gastrointestinal tract.
According to the investigation, there is no similar report of high-dose oral hydrazine poisoning in China. This situation is mainly manifested in:
① The nervous system is damaged, and there is disturbance of consciousness after fidgeting. After active detoxification and two hemodialysis, consciousness gradually recovered and peripheral nerve sensory abnormalities appeared. Electromyography showed that the sensory conduction speed slowed down and the motor units decreased. After the application of nutraceuticals, the symptoms were relieved, leaving behind peripheral nerve damage.
② After dialysis, detoxification, liver protection, myocardial nutrition and high-dose vitamin B6 antagonism treatment, the liver function was about 10d and the heart function was about 14d.
③ The renal damage in this case is not obvious, which may be related to the early removal of poisons and timely treatment.
10. Mercury poisoning (acute)
Inhaling a large amount of mercury vapor in a short time can cause fever, pneumonia, dyspnea, renal failure and contact dermatitis.
Mercury poisoning (chronic)
Many manifestations are:
1 Headache, insomnia, forgetfulness, dreaminess, anxiety and hyperhidrosis;
Muscle tremor first appears gradually in fingers, eyelids and tongue, and it is more obvious when the whole body is noticed by others. Numbness of hands and feet, weakness of limbs;
3 oral mucosal ulcer, loose teeth, swollen gums, loss of appetite and bad breath. In severe cases, the gums' see a blue-black' mercury line';
4 renal insufficiency, sexual dysfunction, nocturia, edema;
5 causes hypertension, coronary heart disease, cerebral thrombosis, infertility, anemia, chronic bronchitis, etc.
Affect the growth and development of young children, such as anorexia, low immunity, repeated respiratory infections, anemia and so on.