Building safety is a prominent problem not only in China, but also in almost all countries and regions. According to the statistical data of accidental casualties in China, the number of casualties in construction engineering is second only to traffic, mining and non-mining enterprises, and the number of casualties in construction industry also ranks fourth or fifth in the world. Especially in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, the number of accidents and deaths in the construction industry ranks second or third in this region. Safety problems in the construction industry in Japan, Britain, France, the United States, Canada and Sweden are also quite prominent. In the EU, the number of employees in the construction industry accounts for 7% of the total labor force, and its accident rate accounts for 15% of the annual total, while the mortality rate accounts for 30% of the whole industry, and the cost caused by accident losses reaches 3% of the turnover of the whole industry.
China's construction industry safety production and construction projects are developing in a scientific, institutionalized, standardized and standardized direction, which has the following characteristics in summary.
(1) The safety production management system has begun to take shape, and a law enforcement and supervision team has been established.
According to the spirit of the State Council's Notice of the State Council on Approving the Report of the Ministry of Labor and Personnel, the State Economic and Trade Commission and the All-China Federation of Trade Unions on Strengthening Work Safety and Labor Safety Supervision (Guo Fa [1983] No.85), since1983, the Ministry of Construction has been exploring the establishment of a building safety management system suitable for the characteristics of the industry, and has successively established labor protection departments, safety supervision and management departments and most of the country.
Due to the lack of due attention to safety production, the reform of construction safety production management system has made slow progress. So far, only 1 1 provinces, 5 cities with separate plans, 20 provincial capitals and 164 prefecture-level cities have established building safety supervision stations, with more than 2,000 employees. At present, there are three management modes: one is the mode of setting up specialized institutions and staffing full-time personnel. One is the integration mode of quality and safety institutions, that is, quality and safety work is placed in one institution-quality supervision station, and law enforcement supervision is entrusted by the government. This form often weakens safety work because it attaches importance to quality, and it is difficult to put safety work in its proper position. One is the management mode of government functional departments. There are two situations: one is that functional departments (rooms) have people who are specially responsible for safety work, and the other is that functional departments (rooms) have part-time staff who are responsible for safety work.
(2) Extensive activities to meet safety standards and create civilized construction sites have changed the face of the site.
Since 199 1, the Ministry of Construction has carried out safety compliance work with the goal of implementing construction safety technical standards on the construction sites of construction enterprises above Grade 4 in China. 1995 completed the first five-year plan, and 1996 started the second five-year plan. 1996 on the basis of continuing to carry out safety standards, Shanghai's experience in creating civilized construction sites will be promoted to the whole country. In many areas, safety compliance activities, especially the creation of civilized construction sites, are regarded as two documents to establish the image of the construction industry and realize it. Quot By means of a "window", the technical standards and norms of building safety have been implemented in the construction site, and the "dirty, chaotic and poor" appearance of the construction site has been improved.
(3) The legal system of construction safety production has been further improved.
Administrative regulations have been further strengthened. 1989 and 199 1 The Ministry of Construction issued Order No.3, Procedure for Reporting and Investigating Major Accidents in Engineering Construction, and Order No.3, Regulations on Supervision and Management of Construction Safety Production respectively. 1980 and 1998 respectively issued "Operating Rules for Safety Technology of Construction and Installation Workers" and "Regulations on Supervision and Management of Use of Safety Protective Articles and Mechanical Equipment on Construction Site"; The pace of local laws and regulations construction is relatively fast. For example, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Shenzhen Municipality respectively promulgated the Regulations on Construction Safety in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and the Regulations on Construction Safety in Shenzhen Special Economic Zone. Shanghai, Nanjing, Yunnan and so on. Local regulations or government orders have been promulgated, which clearly define the work content and responsibilities of the construction safety supervision station.
Technical standards and specifications have been gradually improved. Among the "one standard and three specifications", namely "Standard for Safety Inspection of Building Construction" (JGJ59-99, officially implemented as a compulsory industry standard on May 1999), "Technical Specification for Safety of Working at Height in Building Construction", "Technical Specification for Safety of Gantry (Grille) Material Hoist" and "Technical Specification for Safety of Temporary Electricity Use in Construction Site". Namely, Safety Technical Specification for Fastening Steel Pipe Scaffolding, Safety Technical Specification for Portal Scaffolding, Safety Technical Specification for Building Formwork Engineering, Safety Technical Specification for Overweight Hoisting in Building Construction and Safety Erection Standard for Building Construction.
(4) The situation of safe production in the construction industry is grim again.
By the end of 1998, the national construction casualty accidents showed a good trend of decline for three consecutive years. 1995, the death rate per 10,000 people in the national construction industry was 0.86%, and it dropped to 0.7% in 1996 and 0.52% in 1997. During the period of 1998, the situation of construction safety production was generally stable. By the end of February, there were 32 fatal accidents involving more than three people during construction, with 136 deaths and 49 serious injuries. Compared with the same period 1997, the number of accidents decreased by 9 cases, with a decrease of 21.95%; The number of deaths decreased by 58, a decrease of 29.90%; The number of seriously injured people increased by 5, up by 1 1.36%.
Since 1999, due to the accelerated development of the construction industry, an idea that attaches importance to efficiency and ignores safety has resurfaced. Coupled with the defects in safety management, the safety quality of employees can't keep up with the situation of economic construction and development, and there have been many major accidents that shocked the whole country, such as bridge collapse, building collapse, building fire, etc., which caused great losses of life and property. Objectively, it also forces the Ministry of Construction and the construction industry to take a new step in safety qualification, safety management, fire protection engineering, emergency measures, management system, safety education and safety inspection. Of course, in order to adapt to the sustainable development of economic construction, the construction industry must solve the following problems.
① From theory to practice, we should really implement the policy of "safety first, prevention first";
② Intensify the reform of the construction industry and improve the existing building safety management system;
③ The construction of laws and regulations in the construction field should adapt to the development of market economy;
④ Safety science and technology need to be integrated with construction engineering technology;
⑤ Accelerate the establishment of accident insurance system in construction industry;
⑥ Create conditions to improve the safety, technical and cultural quality of construction personnel.
2, the cause of the accident
From the analysis of a large number of casualty cases in the construction industry, half of the workers think that there are health and safety risks in their work. Various management systems, including project management conducted by intermediaries, lack the responsibility for accident control, and the complexity of materials, equipment and design increases, often ignoring the safety and health of workers and pursuing the lowest cost, which leads to the continuous high incidence of accidents in the construction industry. For example, from 65438 to 0986, there were 365500 dust workers in building materials industry, and the cumulative number of pneumoconiosis cases was 137 19, with a prevalence rate of 3.62%. There were 2450 deaths, and the mortality rate was 17.86%.
It should be pointed out that the casualties in the construction industry are concentrated in the "four evils", namely falling from a height, electric shock, object strike and mechanical injury. According to statistics, accidents caused by "four pests" account for 80%~86% of the total number of deaths.
China's construction safety requires managers (technical managers) and employees to have scientific concepts and correct attitudes, have basic knowledge, laws, regulations and technical standards of the construction industry, and understand the safety and health problems of the construction industry. For example, labor law, construction law, occupational safety and health regulations for factory directors and managers, safety technical training and assessment regulations for special operations personnel, labor safety and health education regulations for enterprise employees, and construction safety inspection standards.
The production or construction of the construction industry in China depends largely on people's physical strength and skills, and should be realized through people's labor and standardized behavior. This is the most basic condition to ensure people to work in a safe and hygienic workplace. The harmonious, safe, hygienic and efficient cooperation between people, people and machinery, tools and people and environment depends on modern safety management. Among them, the management art and methods of legal representative, factory director, manager and decision-maker are extremely important. It is particularly important to emphasize here that there is evidence that the positive concern of construction company leaders for safety management is directly related to the reduction of accidents and casualties. Understanding the distribution of accident causes provides a starting point for finding out prevention methods. Case analysis and accident description can also use the obtained information of accident prevention technology. A study conducted by experts in the British construction industry found that 90% of fatal accidents in the construction industry can be avoided, and in 70% of cases, correct management actions can save lives. 70% of the fatal accidents occurred in the "construction" industry and 26% in the "civil engineering" industry. During the five-year research work, 56 1 worker died. In addition, in terms of subcontractors, 94 people died and 26 people died while working as "self-employed". From the public, 37 adults and 2/kloc-0 children died, a total of 739 people. Maximum year 162 people, minimum year 137 people.
In the construction industry, various falls account for 50% of the causes of death. Therefore, it is necessary to subdivide autumn. The top three jobs accounting for 75% of the total number of deaths are maintenance (42%), transportation and automation factories (20%) and demolition or dismantling (13%).
3. Occupational health and hygiene
Because of its frequent accidents and high level of casualties, the construction industry has always been attached importance by law enforcement departments, media, the public and management departments. Whether this leads to the neglect of occupational health and health in this industry, except pneumoconiosis, is recognized by the public. In some countries, some reports point out that construction workers are premature aging or short-lived because they work in cold and humid environment. In addition, people who work outdoors in overheated climate for a long time have a high incidence of skin cancer. According to the research of Bygghalsan in Sweden, construction workers are more injured because of too many repetitive manual operations.
In the construction site, people know little about the risks that various substances in the job site may cause to workers (such as poisons, radiation, corrosion and other substances directly related to people's safety and health), especially the harmful substances produced in the construction site. Noise has made many workers lose their hearing.
4. Control industrial injuries in the construction industry
The basic principles for successfully controlling industrial injuries in the construction industry are the same as those in other industrial sectors. Specific institutional problems do exist, and it is necessary to explain them. This is mainly in the early stage of the project, when designing the nature, quantity, size and delivery mode of materials, work plan, contractor's interface, contractor's interface with public facilities and other issues, it is necessary to clarify the health and safety issues. Resolutely implement the Provisions on Labor Safety and Health Supervision of Construction Projects (Projects), Hygienic Standard for Design of Industrial Enterprises, Measures for Acceptance of Occupational Safety and Health Facilities and Technologies of Construction Projects (Projects) and relevant labor protection laws and standards, abide by the safety and health management system of construction sites, implement safe and civilized production, and make relevant controls and plans before and during construction. Before the project starts, the project requires the bidder to put forward a safety plan. The safety plan shall be formulated by qualified personnel, who shall be responsible for the safety work together with the contractor. This person has clearly defined the responsibility for site safety control, including the management of other contractors' activities. The safety plan is an operable working document. In the whole project process, the safety document is another document describing how the construction project is completed, which can be used by customers for building use, future modification and structural demolition.
Method Description-When engaging in high-risk operations, methods should be provided to operators in advance.
Each document shall include, that is, when the operating conditions are inconsistent with the declaration, the consent of the site supervisor and the declarant shall be obtained, and the method declaration shall be required when completing various tasks (including demolition, blasting and assembly).
Workers' skills training should include a considerable part of safety. The training of managers is particularly important, because it includes their knowledge of safety work, which is a necessary condition for the success of construction projects in safety.