Shang Nong Wu Ben
Han nationality is an ancient agricultural nation. Since ancient times, the agricultural population has accounted for more than 80% of the total population, and the custom of respecting agriculture has a long history. Since ancient times, the Han people have taken agriculture as their profession. As early as the Warring States period, Han Fei put forward the idea of "taking agriculture as the foundation". He said: "The reason why pale ice is real is also a farming industry." Everything is wrong, treacherous article. Under the influence of the thought of Shang and Nong, the society of Han Dynasty formed "Men plow and women eat, women weave and women dress" and "Shang Jun and Shu Hua plan". "Men plow and women weave" can be said to be a typical portrayal of the social customs of the Han nationality. Only in modern times, especially after liberation, have great changes taken place.
The twenty-four solar terms are an important part of the Han Chinese lunar calendar, and their formation and establishment are closely related to the agricultural production customs of the ancient working people of the Han nationality. With the change of climate throughout the year, the content of farming and farm work also changes. The meaning of the names of the 24 solar terms clearly reflects this point. Until now, Han farmers are still used to farming and arranging farm work according to solar terms.
Related to the custom of respecting agriculture is the worship of the land god by the Han nationality. "White Tiger Yi Tong" says: "When he releases the earth, he gets it from God." The worship form of the land god is "country worship". The land god is called the country god or the country owner, and the place where the land god is worshipped is called the country. The Book of Rites says: "Strong, offering sacrifices to the ground, and the main yin is also ... strong, so the way of God is also." Later, all classes of Han society had social sacrifices. Folk belief in land gods is very extensive, and before liberation, land temples were almost everywhere.
Respect the ancestors and the elderly.
Respecting ancestors and respecting the elderly is the eternal legacy of the Han nationality. Respecting ancestors is the worship of ancestors. Shang believed in the monism of the unity of gods and ancestors, while Zhou believed in the dualism of the separation of gods and ancestors. Ancestor worship is a more important tradition. The ancestor worship of the Han nationality mainly worships the distant ancestors who have achieved great success and the close relatives who are related by blood.
Ancestor worship custom has continued to modern times. Folk ancestor worship activities are still very grand. Sometimes there are sacrifices, such as church sacrifices, festival sacrifices, New Year sacrifices, house sacrifices, shrine sacrifices, etc. On holidays, some people should pay tribute to their ancestors' faces to show that they don't forget their ancestors, share the festival with them or ask them to bless them. The places where the Han people worship their ancestors are called ancestral halls or ancestral halls, which are spread all over the country.
Related to the custom of respecting ancestors, under the long-term influence of feudal patriarchal clan system, Han people like to live in groups and compile genealogies regularly. As a result of living together, the Han nationality has lived in it runs in the family since ancient times, and even lived under the same roof for five generations. Some of them have lived together for centuries. It's really "the young and the old get together and greet the wind." This clan that has lived together for generations is commonly known as "Yi Ju" or "Yi Men". In the Ming Dynasty, the Zheng family in Pujiang County, Zhejiang Province even lived under the same roof as the ninth generation, and once ordered the construction of Zhengmen as an example. Nowadays, although family forms tend to be miniaturized, families in it families are more common.
The custom of respecting the elderly, which extends from respecting ancestors, is deeply rooted in the Han nationality. "The Book of Songs, Elegant and Drunken Weng" says: "There is no shortage of filial piety, and there is always kindness." It means that the filial piety of filial sons to respect the elderly is endless, which will inevitably affect the whole family and even the whole nation. The folk custom of respecting the elderly in the Han nationality is a fine tradition worth carrying forward.
Last name and first name
At first, the surnames of Han people were different. The original surname is the clan number of the matriarchal clan commune. The word "surname" is a combination of the words "female" and "born". Many ancient surnames have the word "female" beside them, such as Jiang, Yao and Ji. History is a branch of surname. Due to the reproduction of offspring, the family is divided into several branches, scattered all over the country, and each branch has a special symbol as a symbol, which is the surname. Later, there was little difference between surnames and surnames.
The origin of surnames can be roughly as follows:
(1) Take official positions as surnames, such as Sima, Shangguan, Hou, Shuai and Wei.
(2) Take occupation and skill as surnames, such as "Tao" in Tao Wei, "Cang" in warehouse management and "Jia" in business;
③ Take the names and titles of ancestors as surnames, such as Sun Shu, Wang Sun, Gong Sun, etc.
(4) Take the country and fief as surnames, such as Qi, Lu, Wu and Chu;
⑤ Take the original admirers as surnames, such as horses, cows, sheep and dragons.
⑥ Take the characteristics of residence as surnames, such as Dongguo, Ximen, Yang, Liu and Li.
⑦ Take numbers as surnames, such as Wu, Lu and Wan.
In addition, some compound surnames, such as Sun Chang, Helan and Huyan, are translated from the voices of ethnic minorities.
There are 408 single surnames and 76 compound surnames in Hundred Surnames compiled by Song people. The China Personal Names Dictionary published in modern times has included single surnames and compound surnames of ***4 129. There are only about 200 common surnames, and the most common single surname is only 100. Li, Wang, Zhang, Liu, Chen, Yang, Zhao, Huang, Zhou, Wu, Xu, Sun, Hu, Zhu, Gao, Lin, Wu, Guo and Ma account for more than half of the national population.
The names of ancient people in China are more complicated than those of modern people. Generally, there are four names: surname, first name, word and number. After the child was born, the father took the first name. This word was taken by a man at the age of 20 and a woman at the age of 15. It is a person's official title. No, people with a certain reputation and culture, in order to express their own ideological interests. Such as Tao Qian and Mr. Wu Liu; Ouyang Xiu, the number one alcoholic, was a laity at 6 1 in his later years; Lu you, the number is free.
Modern people are not as particular about naming as ancient people. Except for a few people who have words and numbers, ordinary people generally have only one name.
And most of them are one or two words. Names reflect the cultural and psychological characteristics of the Han nationality. If some people use the words "rich, expensive, rich, rich", they hope to get rich; Some use words such as "health, health preservation, relaxation and longevity" to hope for health and longevity; Some people use the words "Dong, Jie, Jun and Cai", hoping to develop into a useful person. When men name animals, they often use the words "Peng, Dragon, Tiger and Leopard" to symbolize courage, strength and luck, while when they name plants, they use the words "pine, locust, tung and cypress" to symbolize grandeur and vitality. Accordingly, women use the words "phoenix, warbler, phoenix, swallow", "orchid, chrysanthemum, plum and apricot", hoping to be beautiful, gentle and virtuous.
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