Psychotherapy is the basis and best skill for us to reveal the deepest essence in sharp contrast with people's superficial personality. Their interpersonal relationships and attitudes towards society have changed; Their personality (or personality) has changed both superficially and deeply, and there is even evidence that their appearance has changed and their physical quality has been enhanced. Even in some cases, IQ has risen.
However, even in various works on learning, perception, thinking, motivation, social psychology and physiological psychology, the word psychotherapy has not been included in the index.
To take just one example, there is no doubt that learning theory can at least benefit from the study of marriage, friendship, free communication, endurance analysis, career success, therapeutic power and learning effect, not to mention tragedy, trauma, conflict and pain.
In addition, with the exploration of psychotherapy as a branch of social psychology, a series of equally important problems to be solved have also been discovered. Psychotherapy is only a standard example of social relations or interpersonal relationships.
We can describe that there are at least three ways of communication between patients and therapists, namely arbitrariness, equality and laissez-faire. Moreover, each method has various special applicability at different times. However, to be exact, these three relationships are found in the social atmosphere of children's clubs, in the form of hypnosis, in the form of political theory, in the relationship between mother and child, and in various social organizations of apes.
The deficiency of the development of personality theory will be exposed with any thorough study of the purpose and goal of treatment, which will question the basic scientific orthodoxy that does not attach importance to value in science, reveal the limitations of medical concepts about health, disease, treatment and cure, and clearly show that our culture still lacks an applicable value system. No wonder people have been avoiding it. There are many other examples to prove that psychotherapy is an important category of general psychology.
We can say that there are seven main ways of psychotherapy: (1) through disclosure (action, release and catharsis), as shown by Li Wei's release therapy; (2) meeting basic needs (giving support, guarantee, protection, love and respect); (3) Transfer through threats (protection, good social, political and economic conditions); (4) through the improvement of insight, knowledge and understanding; (5) adopting suggestions or authorizations; (6) directly attacking its symptoms, such as in different treatments; (7) Realize self, individuality or growth through affirmation.
For the general purpose of personality theory, it also sets up a series of ways, according to which personality changes in the direction recognized by culture and psychiatry.
Among them, we are most interested in tracing some internal relations between therapeutic materials and motivation theory. The satisfaction of needs is an important step (perhaps the most important step) leading to the ultimate clear goal of all treatments, that is, self-realization.
Treatment certainly needs a certain interpersonal foundation, because these needs can only be met through others. A series of basic needs (the satisfaction of these needs constitutes basic therapeutic drugs, such as safety, belonging, love and respect, etc. ) can only be obtained from others.
I have to admit that I only have relatively simple treatment experience. Those who are mainly experienced in psychoanalytic (more profound) treatment are likely to come to the conclusion that the important medicine is epiphany rather than satisfaction.
This is because seriously ill patients can never accept or absorb the satisfaction of their basic needs until they give up their childish and ridiculous explanations to themselves and others and become able to understand and accept personal and interpersonal reality according to the actual situation.
If we can debate this issue, it is not difficult to find that the purpose of epiphany therapy is to create good interpersonal relationships and meet the corresponding needs. We know that only by putting these changes into practice will the epiphany bear fruit.
After roughly distinguishing between simple treatment that meets short-term needs and profound, long-term and more difficult epiphany treatment, we will realize that this distinction has considerable enlightening value. It is possible to meet in many non-technical situations such as marriage, friendship, cooperation and education, which opens up a theoretical path for the great expansion of therapeutic technology to non-professional people (non-occupational therapy).
Epiphany therapy can obviously be regarded as a technical problem, which requires a lot of training to master. The unremitting pursuit of the theoretical importance of the dichotomy between non-occupational therapy and technical therapy will show its multiple uses.
We can put forward a bold point: although epiphany therapy is profound and contains some additional principles, if we can study the consequences of choosing to suppress or meet people's needs, they can be completely understood. This is in direct opposition to the fact that the explanation of short-term treatment comes from psychoanalysis (or other epiphany therapy) research in one way or another.
A by-product of the latter method is that the research on psychotherapy and racial growth is closed in psychological theory, making it more or less self-sufficient, which is a specific or primitive law that only applies to this field. This situation can be attributed not only to the fact that most occupational therapists received medical training instead of psychological training, but also to the fact that experimental psychologists accidentally ignored what influenced their description of human nature as a psychotherapy phenomenon.
In short, we can not only argue that psychotherapy must be firmly based on a sound general psychological theory, but also argue that psychological theory must expand itself to meet this task. Therefore, we must start with the simple treatment of phenomena and then transition to the discussion of epiphany.
We can't create a pure cognitive psychotherapy theory or a pure impersonal psychotherapy theory by collecting many facts, but they are in harmony with the demand satisfaction theory and the interpersonal method of treatment and growth.
Psychotherapy exists in any form of society. Wizards, wizards, witches, old witches in villages, monks, religious teachers and doctors in western civilization can always complete what we call psychotherapy. In fact, great religious leaders have proved this through thorough and dramatic psychological and pathological healing, as well as through more subtle treatment of personality and value obstacles. These people have provided various explanations for these achievements, which need not be seriously considered. We must accept the fact that although these miracles can be put into practice, practice does not know why and how they are realized.
There is always a gap between theory and practice. Different psychotherapy factions have their own opinions, sometimes quite intense. However, after a long enough period of time, clinical psychologists met some patients who received genetic therapy from various schools of thought and recovered. In this way, these patients will become grateful and loyal supporters of this theory. However, the failures of various schools are not uncommon. What makes this problem even more puzzling is that some patients are cured by doctors or even psychiatrists, and these doctors have never received any training that can be exactly called psychotherapy (not counting school teachers, priests, nurses, dentists, social workers, etc.). ).
Obviously, we can challenge these different theoretical schools empirically and scientifically, and arrange them according to their approximate effectiveness level. In addition, we can collect appropriate statistical data to show that one theoretical training produces a higher percentage of cure or growth than another. Although no theoretical training will be a complete failure or a complete success.
We should realize the fact that there is no absolute relationship between the appearance of treatment results and theory.
Even in the field of a school of thought, such as the classic Freudian psychoanalysis school, as we all know, analysts generally admit that there are great differences between them, which are not only manifested in the commonly defined ability, but also in the simple therapeutic effect. Some talented analysts have made outstanding contributions to teaching and writing, and they are famous for their profound knowledge. As teachers, they are very popular with people and are regarded as well-trained analysts, but they just can't cure patients. There are some people who never write anything, and even if they find it, they are poor, but they can almost always cure the patients. Of course, it is very clear that being a genius is related to these abilities to cure patients.
There are many such examples in history. Although some masters of thought schools are the most capable therapists, it is more difficult for them to teach students this ability, and in most cases they will not succeed. If this is only a theoretical problem, a content problem and a knowledge problem, if there is no difference in the race of therapists, then if students are as smart and diligent as teachers, students will eventually do as well as teachers and probably surpass them.
Have a general experience, suitable for any type of therapist. Meet the patient for the first time and talk to him about some superficial details, such as steps and treatment time. When you see him for the second time, ask him to report or explain the progress. Judging from the words and deeds of the public, this result is absolutely unimaginable.
Some treatment results will appear without the therapist talking. In an example, a female college student wants advice on personal problems. An hour later, she decided the question satisfactorily and left.
For young patients or less serious cases, the main experience of daily life will play a therapeutic role, which is in terms of the complete meaning of the term therapeutic role. A happy marriage, a happy and successful job, developing good friendship, having children, facing emergencies and overcoming difficulties-all these things have produced profound personality changes and eradicated diseases without the help of therapists. In fact, it is reasonable to think that the basic therapeutic power includes a good living environment, and occupational psychotherapy has only one task, even if individuals can use them.
Many psychoanalysts see that the effect of treatment is to make progress after the analysis interval of others and after the analysis is completed.
The therapist also noticed that among the wives of patients receiving treatment, accompanied by their husbands, signs of successful treatment would soon be found.
Some special situations in reality are ironic. Those who have never received professional treatment training or are not skilled personally handle or at least control the vast majority of cases. There must be many people in the field of psychology and other fields who have had this experience.
Some students engaged in psychological research have received very limited training, even to a very poor degree. These students enter psychology only because they love human beings and want to understand and help them. They found themselves in a certain atmosphere that was almost crazy. In this atmosphere, they spent a lot of time on sensory phenomena, details of conditioned reflex, meaningless syllables and the game of rats walking maze. However, a simple experimental method is useful, but it is still limited from a philosophical point of view, accompanied by the training of statistical (learning) methods.
Psychologists are psychologists in the eyes of laymen and street lamps of life. He knows why divorce happens, why hatred breeds and why some people become insane. He needs to concentrate on such problems often. This is especially true for a small town that has never seen a psychiatrist or heard of psychoanalysis. The only person who can replace a psychiatrist is a respected aunt, family doctor or priest. In this way, it is possible to appease the uneasy conscience of the untrained psychologist, and he can also calm down and invest in the necessary training.
To the surprise of young psychologists, these exploratory efforts are actually feasible. He has made full preparations for failure, which is often inevitable, but what about those successes that he has no hope of?
Lay people are more common than occupational therapists. In fact, it should be recognized that some psychiatrists just don't want to believe the reports about such things. However, it is easy to check and verify, because such experiences are very common among psychologists and social workers, not counting priests, teachers and doctors.
Only by relying on the theory of motivation and interpersonal relationship can we understand these phenomena. Obviously, we should attach importance to unconscious behavior and unconscious comprehension, rather than emphasizing conscious words and deeds. In all the cases listed, the therapist's interest is focused on the patient. He cares about him and tries his best to help him, so that he proves to the patient that he is valuable in at least one person's mind. Because in all cases, the therapist is understood as a smarter, older, stronger or healthier person, the patient can feel safer and supported, thus becoming less vulnerable and anxious. Willing to listen, reduce (avoid) reprimands, encourage confession, and even accept and admit crimes after they are revealed, gentle and kind, so that patients feel that they have a strong backing to rely on. All these factors, together with the above factors, help to create an unconscious understanding of being loved, protected and respected in patients' hearts. These are the satisfaction of basic needs.
Compared with the explanation of the known process alone, this explanation is much broader if it can meet the basic needs with greater significance and thus supplement the well-known treatment determinants. At the same time, there are some therapeutic phenomena, which may be small cases. Other serious cases can only be fully explained by more complicated treatment techniques, and if we add the decisive factor of satisfying basic needs, which naturally comes from good interpersonal relationships, we will be more fully understood.