People have psychology, and animals also have psychology, so psychology studies both human psychology and animal psychology. Psychology, which is what people usually say, refers to the science of studying the law of psychological occurrence and development.
Psychology is the abbreviation of psychological phenomenon and psychological activity. People can experience some psychology at any time when they are awake, and people are no strangers to this. For example, the following life segments:
When Xiao Zhang woke up in the morning, he saw the light shining into the house and heard the birds chirping in the trees outside the window. She opened the window and a breeze blew, which made her feel extremely cool. She took a few breaths of fresh air to her heart's content, and seemed to smell a flower fragrance, so she guessed that it was probably blown from the garden not far away. She still remembers that there are many flowers in the garden, and now they may have blossomed. She was very happy to have a rest today, so she thought to herself, how nice it would be to go to the garden today! She likes flowers very much. She hasn't been to the garden for many days, so she should go. Suddenly, it occurred to her that the manuscript of the newspaper had not been finished, and it should be submitted today. We must persevere in finishing it patiently. Thinking of this, she quickly cleaned up and started writing after breakfast ... In this small piece of life, there are a series of psychological activities. Here "seeing, hearing, feeling and smelling" refers to "feeling" and "perception" in psychology; "Remember, remember" here is the psychological "memory"; "Guess, calculate" is a question of "thinking"; "Happy, comfortable, like" belongs to "emotion"; "Patience and persistence" belong to "will". These psychological activities or psychological phenomena are familiar to people.
People's psychological phenomena are various. Let's start with individual psychology and group psychology.
(1) individual psychology. Individual psychology refers to individual subject, that is, specific individual psychology. Xiao Zhang's psychological activities in the above life segments belong to individual psychology. Individual psychology is generally divided into two categories: psychological process and personality. Levitov, a psychologist in the former Soviet Union (1890- 1972), believes that there is still a transitional state between psychological process and personality, that is, psychological state. In this way, the structure of human psychological phenomena (the relationship system between human psychological phenomena) can be divided into three categories: psychological process, psychological state and personality.
Psychological process refers to the process in which people's psychological activities occur and develop. Specifically, it is the process that objective things act on people (mainly the human brain) and the brain reflects objective reality in a certain period of time. It includes the process of cognition (knowledge for short), emotion and emotion (emotion for short) and will (meaning for short). Together, the three are called "knowledge-emotion-meaning" for short.
Psychological state is a temporary and stable psychological phenomenon between psychological process and personality psychology, and it is a manifestation of the unity of psychological process and personality psychology.
Personality psychology is a psychological phenomenon that shows individual differences of people.
Psychology, which people often say, is a science that studies the law of the occurrence and development of the above-mentioned individual psychology.
⑵ Group psychology. Group psychology is divided into small group psychology and mass psychology. At the same time, as people in the society, there must be a certain relationship between them, and there will be social interaction, which will lead to communicative psychology. Communicative psychology exists not only between individuals and others, but also between groups, so it is included in group psychology. In this way, group psychology includes three types, namely, communication psychology, small group psychology and mass psychology. Group psychology is the research object of social psychology and an important branch of psychology. Other branches of psychology (such as management psychology) also study group psychology.
In addition to the individual psychology and group psychology mentioned above, psychology has many other specific contents to study.
Since the history of human civilization, human psychology has been discussed and studied. China's ancient philosophy, medicine, education, literary theory and many other works are rich in psychological thoughts. But psychology became an independent science in the19th century. Today, psychology is a huge discipline system with more than 100 branches, such as general psychology, social psychology, educational psychology, legal psychology, management psychology, business psychology, economic psychology, consumer psychology, consulting psychology and so on. They are all members of a huge discipline system, and with the development of human social practice, the branches of psychology will continue to increase.
What is mental health?
Some experts predict that in 2 1 century, mental illness will seriously endanger the physical and mental health of teenagers. In recent years, the World Health Organization's investigation and research in many countries has proved that about13 of the world's population has psychological problems of one kind or another at any time. In China, the latest national mental health survey of children aged 4 ~ 16 found that the incidence of psychological and behavioral problems of children in China was as high as 13.9%. The relevant departments also conducted a sample survey of primary and secondary school students, and the results showed that about 2/5 middle school students had psychological barriers to varying degrees. These data show that the mental illness of young people is more serious than that of adults.
China is in the period of social transformation, and social changes will inevitably impact all aspects of family, school and society. Various social contradictions, interpersonal contradictions and many psychological conflicts in adult society will inevitably be highlighted from the psychological state of teenagers. Immature minds are under the pressure of generations, and the faults and fetters in social change bind children's hearts, hands and feet, all of which are worrying. However, as long as attention and prevention are paid as early as possible, it is not too late to start working now. It is very important for parents and teachers to really understand our children and help them get out of the inner maze.
What is mental health?
1930 the purpose of the establishment of the international mental health Committee is: "to engage in charity, science, literature and education activities. We are particularly concerned about the mental health of people all over the world, and maintain and promote the research, treatment and prevention of mental diseases and mental defects in order to enhance the happiness of all mankind. " This purpose has been accepted by people with lofty ideals all over the world, so mental health has gradually been mentioned as important as physical health, which makes the goal of mental health work expand from improving the therapeutic effect of mental patients to emphasizing the prevention of mental illness and shaping a sound personality. In this way, maintaining mental health has become a pursuit of people's lives, and the cultivation of healthy psychological quality has attracted more and more attention from all walks of life.
The World Health Organization defines health as: "Health is a state of physical, mental and social adaptation, not the absence of disease and weakness." From the definition of health by the World Health Organization, it is obviously different from our traditional understanding: it contains three basic elements: (1) physical health; (2) Mental health; (3) Social adaptability. Social adaptability is an internationally recognized primary standard of mental health. Overall health includes physical health and mental health, which are closely related, indispensable and inseparable. This is the essence of the concept of health.
Mental health standards (middle school students)
A person's health includes not only physical health, but also mental health, so what is the standard of mental health?
Maslow and Miethman, famous psychologists, once put forward the 10 standard of whether people's psychology is healthy:
1, whether there is a complete sense of security.
2. Do you have a full understanding of yourself and can properly evaluate your behavior?
3. Whether your life ideals and goals are realistic.
4. Can you keep good contact with the surrounding environment?
5, whether to maintain the integrity and harmony of self-personality.
6. Can you have the ability to learn from experience?
7. Can you maintain proper and good interpersonal relationships?
8. Can you express and control your emotions properly?
9, whether under the premise of collective permission, limited play to their own personality.
10, whether it is within the scope of social norms and properly meets the basic requirements of individuals.
Wang Dengfeng, a scholar in Chinese mainland, summarized the research results from many aspects and put forward several indicators about mental health:
1, know yourself and accept yourself.
A mentally healthy person can experience his own existence value, know himself, accept himself, and have self-knowledge, that is, he can make an appropriate and objective evaluation of his own ability, personality, emotions, advantages and disadvantages, and will not put forward harsh expectations and requirements for himself; You can also set realistic goals and ideals for your life, so you are always satisfied with yourself. At the same time, you can work hard to develop your potential, even if you can't remedy it, you can handle it safely. A mentally unhealthy person lacks self-knowledge and is always dissatisfied with himself. Because the set goals and ideals are unrealistic and the distance between subjective and objective is too far, he always blames himself and condescends. I always ask for perfection, but I can't do it, so I always have a hard time with myself. As a result, my psychological state will never be balanced and I can't get rid of the psychological crisis I feel I will face.
2. Accept others and be kind to others.
Mentally healthy people are willing to associate with others, not only accepting themselves, but also accepting others, accepting others and recognizing the important role of others' existence. He can be understood by others. Accepted by others and collectives, able to communicate with others and have harmonious interpersonal relationships. I can integrate into the small group of life, and I have a strong music group. You can be very happy when you are with your girlfriends, and you can be very lonely when you are quiet. When getting along with people, a positive attitude (such as sympathy, friendliness, trust, respect, etc. ) is always more than negative attitude (such as doubt, jealousy, hostility, etc.). ), so it is adaptable and has enough sense of security in social life. An unhealthy person is always different from the collective and incompatible with the surrounding environment and people.
3. Love life and be willing to work and study.
Mentally healthy people cherish and love life, actively participate in life, and enjoy the fun of life in life. They give full play to their personality and intelligence as much as possible in their work, get satisfaction and encouragement from the results of their work, and regard their work as fun rather than a burden. He can store all kinds of useful information, knowledge and skills accumulated in his work and extract them easily at any time to solve new problems that may be encountered, overcome all kinds of difficulties, and make his behavior more efficient and his work more effective.
4. People with mental health can face and accept the reality, adapt to it actively, and further transform it, instead of escaping from it.
Being able to make an objective understanding and evaluation of the surrounding things and environment and keep good contact with the real environment not only has higher ideals than reality, but also won't indulge in unrealistic fantasies and extravagant hopes. He is full of confidence in his ability and can properly handle all kinds of difficulties and challenges in life, study and work. People with unhealthy psychology often substitute fantasy for reality, dare not face reality, have insufficient courage to accept the challenge of reality, and always complain that they are "born at an inopportune time" or that the social environment is unfair to them, so they cannot adapt to the real environment.
5, can coordinate and control emotions, and have a good mood.
People with mental health always have advantages in positive emotional states such as happiness, optimism, cheerfulness and satisfaction. Although there will be negative emotional experiences such as sadness, worry, sadness and anger, they generally will not last long. He can properly express and control his emotions, be happy and not crazy, worry endlessly, win without arrogance, lose with grace, be humble and not humble, have self-esteem, be conceited and not afraid in social communication, be not greedy for what he can't get, strive to meet his various needs within the scope permitted by social norms, be satisfied with everything he can get, and always be cheerful and optimistic.
6. Harmonious and complete personality.
A mentally healthy person's personality structure, including temperament, ability, personality and ideals, beliefs, motives, interests, outlook on life and other aspects, can develop in a balanced way, and his personality can be fully and harmoniously displayed in the overall mental outlook of people. The way of thinking is moderate and reasonable, and people can adopt an appropriate and flexible attitude, without biased emotional and behavioral responses to external stimuli, and can keep pace with the pace of society and integrate with the collective.
7. Normal intelligence.
Normal intelligence is the most basic psychological condition of people's normal life and an important standard of mental health. Intelligence is the synthesis of human observation, memory, imagination, thinking and operation ability. If a person is mentally retarded, it cannot be considered as mental health.
8. Psychological behavior conforms to age characteristics.
At different ages of human life development, there are corresponding different psychological behaviors, thus forming unique psychological behavior patterns at different ages. A mentally healthy person should have the same psychological and behavioral characteristics as most of his peers. If a person's psychological behavior often deviates seriously from his age characteristics, it is generally a manifestation of mental unhealthy.
Generally speaking, we can refer to the above standards to examine our mental health. Strictly speaking, mental health needs the help of clinical psychologists' examination and diagnosis, and we can't draw conclusions for ourselves and others at will.
1 Melancholy For various reasons, teenagers will be unhappy, unhappy and taciturn. If you are in this state for a long time, you should pay full attention to it.
Shaanxi expert is too narrow-minded to tolerate or understand others. I'm worried about small things, too, and I love to get to the bottom of it.
3 jealousy is unnatural, uncomfortable and even hostile when others are better than themselves. What's more, they even vent their inner jealousy by cracking down and slandering. -seven kinds of unhealthy psychology in growing up
4 panic has a sense of terror to the environment and things, such as fear of needles, fear of the dark, fear of ghosts and so on. The light person's heart beats violently, his hands shake, and the heavy person can't sleep, insomnia, screaming in his dream, etc.
5 cruelty is a bit obscene. If you are unhappy, you will vent it on others, and you will beat and scold. Others will tease others for their own happiness, laugh at others, and have no warm heart.
Sensitivity means nervousness and paranoia. People often regard others' unintentional words and irrelevant actions as contempt or ridicule for themselves, so they are moody and their mood changes greatly.
7 Inferiority lacks confidence in yourself and thinks that you are inferior to others in all aspects. No matter in study or life, it always regards itself as a person who is inferior to others and can't lift its head. This inferiority complex has seriously affected my mood, and I feel too depressed because I lack interest in myself.
According to the estimate of the World Health Organization, more than100000 people attempt suicide every year in the world. Among the top 10 diseases with the greatest functional disability, 5 are mental disorders; It is estimated that by 2020, the burden of neuropsychiatric diseases in China will rise to a quarter of the total burden of diseases. In China, it is conservatively estimated that there are about 65.438 billion people who need professional psychological counseling or psychotherapy in their lifetime. The survey shows that among the 654.38+0.3 billion people, there are more than 654.38+0.6 million people with various mental disorders, and among the 654.38+0.5 billion teenagers, there are 30 million teenagers who are troubled by emotions and pressures. Wu Ruihua, a researcher at the Institute of Psychology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, believes that the lack of professionals engaged in psychological counseling is one of the reasons for the relatively high suicide rate in China. Teacher Hao Bin, an expert in psychological counseling and stress management, suggested in an interview with reporters a few days ago that when you encounter troubles in your life and are ready to choose a counselor to enter the counseling room, you should choose a counselor with a psychological, medical or educational background, professional training, long-term experience in psychological counseling and treatment, and be recognized by professional psychotherapy associations or society.
There are many schools of psychological counseling and therapy, among which psychoanalysis, psychodynamic therapy, visitor-centered therapy, reality therapy, behavioral therapy, interactive therapy, gestalt therapy and rational emotion therapy are the most common. According to the statistics of American Psychological Counseling Association, there are as many as 300 kinds of recorded psychological counseling and treatment, and it is still increasing. Perry Landon, an American psychologist, believes that all these therapies can be roughly divided into two categories. One is "cognitive insight" therapy, which aims to relieve people's psychological confusion and obstacles by changing and improving people's cognitive style. The other is "behavior modification" therapy, which aims to correct people's bad behavior by establishing new conditioned reflex. In fact, in concrete practice, people often use both and complement each other.
Criteria for judging mental health
The essence of psychological abnormality is the cause, mechanism and psychological structure of abnormal psychology. Psychological abnormality is the disorder of brain structure or function or the disorder and distortion of people's response to objective reality. It not only reflects the abnormality of individual self-concept and some abilities, but also reflects the adaptation obstacles in social interpersonal relations and personal life.
But it is not easy to clearly distinguish normal psychology from abnormal psychology.
At present, the most commonly used criteria are as follows:
Self-evaluation criteria: If you think you have psychological problems, of course, this person's psychology will not be completely normal, but it is generally impossible to have major problems. People with basically normal psychology can fully perceive that their psychological activities are different from before, their psychological performance is different from others, and so on. This kind of self-evaluation is called insight in psychiatry.
Psychological test standard: Psychological test can only be formed through representative sampling, establishment of normal samples, standardization of test reliability, test validity and methods, which can avoid experts' subjective opinions to some extent. However, psychological tests also have errors, which can not replace the doctor's diagnosis at present.
Etiological and pathological classification standard: This standard is the most objective, and it is a medical standard that treats psychological problems as physical diseases. If a person's psychological phenomenon or behavior can find the basis of pathological anatomy or pathophysiological changes, he is considered to have mental illness. Its psychological manifestations are regarded as symptoms of the disease, and its etiology is attributed to brain dysfunction.
External evaluation criteria: people's psychological activities are always manifested in all aspects of life. If everyone thinks there is something wrong with someone, it is generally correct. Even if the people nearby don't see it, professionals can judge whether the parties have problems through various performances.
Social adaptation standard: under normal circumstances, the human body maintains a state of physiological and psychological balance, and people can adapt and transform the environment according to the needs of social life. Therefore, normal people's behavior conforms to social norms and can act according to social requirements and moral norms, that is, their behavior conforms to social norms and is adaptive behavior. If a person's ability is damaged due to organic or functional defects, and he can't act in a socially recognized way, so that the consequences of his actions are not suitable for himself or society, he is considered to have psychological abnormalities.