One. Healthy development and growth of the body.
1。 Growth and development are the basic characteristics of children's bodies. Growth is an increase in quantity, which means an increase in volume and weight. hair
Education is a qualitative change, which refers to the maturity of cells, tissues and their functions. Growth and development can not be completely separated, it includes
Including the dynamic changes of the body constitution and the number of machines.
The simplest and most reliable indicators to judge a child's growth and development are weight and height. Weight is a recent reflection.
Sensitive indicators of nutritional status, short-term weight gain and loss can be easily measured. Height reflects the long-term nutritional status.
Moreover, the speed of bone growth is obviously measured after a long time.
The growth and development of the whole childhood is continuous, but at different ages, the speed of growth and development is different.
All the same. There are two rapid growth periods, the first is from birth to 1 year. The average weight of a newborn baby is 3 males.
Jin, to 1 year, with an average weight of 9 kg. The average length of newborn babies is 50 cm, and the average length is 75 cm at 1 year.
The second rapid growth period is in adolescence (girls start from 10- 1 1 year old, and boys start from 12- 13 year old), especially adolescence.
In the first three years of adolescence, the height of boys can increase by more than 7-9 cm each year, and the weight of girls can increase by more than 5-7 cm.
The average annual increase is 5-6 kilograms.
After 1 year, the growth rate is relatively slow, and the average weight increases by 2 kg every year. Height grows by an average of 5% every year.
rice. Can be calculated by formula:
Weight (kg) = Age x2+8
Height (cm) = Age X5+80
The above formula can be used for children aged 2- 10, and the individual difference increases obviously after 10, so the formula cannot be used.
Children's growth and development are influenced by internal and external environmental factors, including heredity, gender and endocrine.
External factors include maternal pregnancy, nutrition, living environment, diseases and so on. Due to children's health and
The functional development of each organ is not perfect, and it is easy to be affected by various adverse factors to produce diseases or growth and development deviations, because
This kind of regular health check-up is very important. /kloc-check every 3 months within 0/year old 1 time,/kloc-check every six months after 0/year old to 3 years old 1 time, 3
/kloc-check at least once a year after 0/8 years old 1 time. To ensure the health of children, it is necessary to find abnormalities and correct them in time through health examination.
2. Ensure the necessary nutrition for children.
In order to maintain life and health, we must eat all kinds of foods containing nutrition and heat energy every day. Human dependence
Nutrients needed for survival include six categories: protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, inorganic salts and water.
Protein, fats and carbohydrates can generate heat energy.
Children are in the stage of growth and development, with vigorous metabolism, and their demand for energy and nutrients is relatively higher than that of adults.
High, only by meeting children's nutritional needs can they ensure their normal physical and intellectual development and form good voxels.
Quality.
Diet is the main source of children's nutrition, and a reasonable diet can meet all the nutritional needs of children. Reasonable diet
It is called a balanced diet, and the so-called balanced diet production means that each meal should be composed of several foods, because each food provides.
Different nutrients and heat energy are properly matched to achieve an appropriate proportion of nutrients and heat energy supply. Children can
In order to make full use of it, this diet is called a balanced diet. A balanced diet generally consists of four basic ingredients: (1) cereals.
Or roots (potatoes, potatoes, etc. ), as the staple food of a meal, is the main source of heat energy. (2) protein of animals and plants
High quality, such as meat, fish, milk, eggs, poultry, beans and their products, provide high quality protein. (3) Vegetables and fruits, referring to
Vitamins and inorganic salts. (4) Fat, oil and sugar can meet the needs of heat energy.
Young children and preschool children can eat three meals a day, between breakfast and Chinese food, and between lunch and dinner.
Add snacks once per person, such as a small amount of candy, cake or milk, soybean milk, etc. To make up for the nutritional balance of the main meal.
We should not only pay attention to the diet structure, but also match the main and non-staple foods, coarse grains with flour and rice, and meat and vegetables.
Also pay attention to the reasonable distribution of calories per meal. As the saying goes, eat well for breakfast, eat well for lunch and eat less for dinner.
That makes sense. The calories of breakfast should account for 30-35% of the whole day's calories, lunch for 40% and dinner for 25-30%.
Children are curious and like a variety of food, so a variety of food, a variety of production methods,
Changing color, smell, taste and shape can stimulate children's appetite. Children before the age of 3, the food should be small and fine.
Coincidentally, the cooking method should be simmering, boiling and stewing, not frying, roasting and frying. After the age of 3, the child's digestive ability is enhanced, which is ok.
Stir-fry, roast, roast and slide. Pay attention to eating less sweets and salty, hard and irritating foods.
It is necessary to cultivate children's good eating habits, eat regularly and quantitatively, not partial eclipse, not picky eaters, and eat snacks as little as possible.
Especially sugary snacks and drinks. Although candy can increase children's fun and provide some calories, it is too much.
Eating will suppress appetite and is not good for children's health.
3. Pay attention to physical exercise
Physical exercise is to use various factors (sunshine, air, water) to increase the body system and make the body and the outside world ever-changing.
The process of maintaining environmental harmony. Children's physical strength is not only influenced by congenital factors, but also by acquired nutrition and exercise.
Refine. Adequate nutrition is one of the necessary conditions for the growth and development of the body. Correctly use various factors of nature to forge.
Exercise can enhance physical fitness, promote children's growth and development, improve their adaptability to the natural environment and enhance their resistance.
Strength, reduce disease and keep healthy.
The way of physical exercise varies with children's age, and it can be carried out by using air, sunshine and water in combination with daily life.
You can also play through games and sports.
Babies should dress appropriately from birth, and don't have to dress too warmly. The room temperature is suitable, but not necessarily in winter.
High, often described as ventilation, keeping the air fresh, and cultivating the baby to gradually live in a colder environment and live outdoors.
When exercising, you can breathe fresh air, expose your skin to ultraviolet rays from the sun, and increase vitamin D in your body.
Internal synthesis is beneficial to bone growth and prevents rickets. Baby's outdoor activities in summer should be kept at 2 per day.
A few hours or more. In winter, we should also arrange some time for outdoor in-depth activities. Conditional can bask in the sun, take an air bath.
There is also a water bath.
Games are children's proper behaviors and indispensable contents in children's lives. Games are good for children's health.
Education is good for health. Running, chasing, jumping and patting the ball develop children's walking, running, jumping, drilling and crawling.
Work makes the muscles of the whole body move. It enriches children's knowledge and develops their thinking, imagination, observation and action ability.
Ability to cultivate wit, agility and brave style. Group games can cultivate children's spirit of unity and friendship and organizational ability.
Discipline. If parents have the opportunity, they may also participate in games, which will be more purposeful and creative.
And promote emotional communication between parents and children.
Gymnastics (including passive gymnastics and active gymnastics) is suitable for children of all ages and is a good sport. 5、6
/kloc-children over 0/8 years old can participate in various track and field sports, dancing, skating, boating, etc. under the guidance of adults. physical exercise
It can have short-term and long-term effects on children's bodies, increase the tension of muscle system, thicken muscle fibers and improve endurance.
Enhanced activity; It can accelerate and deepen breathing, increase vital capacity and develop respiratory muscles; Can accelerate blood circulation,
Enhance the contractility of the heart and improve the function of the heart and blood vessels; Can make the nervous system react flexibly and quickly; Active substance generation
Xie, improve digestive function, increase appetite, etc.
Physical exercise must be carried out in accordance with scientific laws, and improper exercise methods and excessive exercise will have the opposite effect.
On the contrary, it is even the result of physical decline. Physical exercise should pay attention to:
1. Choose suitable sports according to children's age, gender and health.
Step by step. Sports events from less to more, time from short to long, activity from small to large.
3. Do the preparatory activities before exercise and the finishing activities after exercise.
Perseverance can enhance physical fitness and promote health.
5. Pay attention to safety.
4。 Reasonable life and rest
The so-called reasonable life schedule is to assign children to study, rest,
The order of eating and sleeping can help children develop good habits of studying, resting, eating and sleeping on time.
Used to be.
Various functional activities of the human body have their own laws and characteristics. When the conditions of the internal and external environment of the machine are stimulated to a certain extent,
After the sequence repeatedly acts on the human body, the brain connects the excitement and inhibition processes formed by these stimuli.
Once settled, a chain-like automatic connection process is formed, which is called "habit formation". Good habits of children
Habits are formed by repeated persistence.
Reasonable life schedule can not only greatly reduce the energy consumption of brain cells, but also promote the development of nervous system.
It can also promote the stability of human internal environment and adapt to the external environment.
The principle of alternating activities and inactivity should be adopted when arranging children's schedules. The systematic development of preschool children is not yet mature, and he
Children's attention span is short, and engaging in any single activity for a long time is easy to cause brain fatigue.
Old. For younger or frail children, more rest time should be arranged.
Outdoor activities are also an indispensable part of a reasonable work and rest.
Adequate sleep is very important for children's health. The protective effect of vivid pictures of cerebral epidermis and subcortical during sleep.
Inhibition process. Sleep can make brain cells get necessary rest and restore energy after long work.
Consumption. Adequate sleep can fully restore the child's spirit and physical strength. During sleep, the body produces growth hormone.
The increase of secretion has a direct impact on children's growth and development. The younger you are, the more time you need to sleep. 1-3 years old
Children need to sleep 12- 13 hours (including nap) every day, and children aged 4-6 need112 hours. sleep
Insufficient children will have listlessness, bad temper, loss of appetite and so on.
Two. Healthy development of children's psychology
Mental health is an important part of children's health, and it is also the most easily overlooked part by parents.
Children's mental health is mainly manifested in the following aspects:
1, normal intelligence. Sensitive feeling and perception, strong memory, rich imagination, rich and accurate language,
Correct way of thinking, etc.
2. Positive emotions. Joy, happiness, love games, love praise, love success, love to participate in group activities, etc.
3. Good personality. Honest, cheerful, brave, enthusiastic, introverted and kind to others.
4. Adapt to interpersonal relationships and be willing to communicate.
5. Pursuit, interest, careful observation, deep thinking, concentration and perseverance.
6, no mental illness, such as stuttering, enuresis, sleepwalking, biting your nails, sucking your thumb, etc.
Mental health is relative, and children cannot be required to have the above-mentioned good performance at any time.
Children's psychological status is influenced by various external factors, good environment and the rapid qualitative law of educational mental health.
The influence of family, kindergarten and school, especially parents themselves, plays an important role in children's psychological state.
Use. Family is the first and most important living environment for children, and parents are their first teachers, so the family environment is excellent.
Inferiority and parents' role models play a vital role in children's psychological development. In order to create a good environment for children
Family environment, parents must pay attention to the following points:
1, the relationship between family members should be friendly, inclusive and harmonious, otherwise it will bring psychological pressure to children.
Force, causing psychological trauma.
2. Parents' looks are very important. Parents' ideas, styles, habits, morals, words and deeds are always influencing.
Hold the baby. The combination of example strength and good family education is an important factor to cultivate children's mental health.
3. Family members must be clear about their attitudes towards their children, and their education methods should be consistent and their opinions should be unified, otherwise the children will
At a loss, at a loss.
4. Parents' expectations of their children should be in line with the reality of their children. They can expect too much, expect too little, or let themselves go.
It will make children psychologically biased.
Parents' love for their children should focus on cultivating children's good habits and forming good moral character, and should not be overwhelmed.
Love.
6. Encourage and help children to get in touch with society and nature and cultivate their ability to adapt to society and nature.
Force.
7. Encourage children with heroic deeds and help them overcome their fears and difficulties.
8. Always keep the exchange of thoughts and feelings between parents and children. For stuttering, enuresis, sleepwalking, finger sucking,
Children with bad habits such as biting their nails should seek medical advice in time.
Third, prevent common diseases in children.
(1) Pay attention to hygiene and prevent dental caries.
Dental caries, commonly known as "worm teeth", is a common disease in children, with a prevalence rate of 50-75%. The cause of this disease is the oral cavity.
There are a lot of bacteria in tooth cavities, and there are food residues on the surface of teeth, so food is more likely to be in the grooves, nests and gaps of teeth.
Accumulated, the leftover food is decomposed by bacteria to produce acid, which destroys enamel and produces tooth decay, and then destroys dentin and pulp.
Empty. Dental caries can cause severe pain and periodontal swelling, which is harmful to children's health.
Prevention methods:
1, pay attention to oral hygiene, cultivate good oral hygiene habits, rinse your mouth after meals, and start every meal at the age of 3.
Brush your teeth after meals and master the correct brushing methods.
2, pay attention to food hygiene, eat more foods containing fiber and foods containing calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D and fluorine, and eat less sweets.
Eat, especially don't eat sweets and cakes before going to bed.
3, regular oral examination, early detection, timely treatment.
4. Take caries prevention measures under the guidance of medical staff.
The incidence of myopia in children is increasing year by year. The causes of myopia are genetic and environmental factors.
Close, but it is mainly the result of not paying attention to eye hygiene and using eyes at close range for a long time.
Prevention methods:
1, cultivate good eye habits, read and write correctly, and keep the distance between eyes and books at 1 foot. continuously
Read and write for 40-50 minutes, you should rest 10 minutes, relax your eyes and let them rest.
2. Don't read while lying down, walking, in direct sunlight or in dim light.
Books.
3. Improve indoor lighting and lighting conditions, and provide local lighting for children to learn, such as placing desk lamps.
4. Strengthen children's comprehensive nutrition and enhance their physical fitness.
5. Check your eyesight regularly, preferably 1 time every six months to find and correct abnormal eyesight in time.
Diarrhea in children is one of the most common diseases in children, and it is also one of the main diseases leading to infant death. vast
Most diarrhea is caused by intestinal infection. To prevent children's diarrhea, we should do the following:
1, develop good hygiene habits, such as washing hands with soap before and after meals, paying attention to drinking water hygiene, and not drinking raw water.
Wash fruits and vegetables.
2. Use tableware after washing and boiling. Prevent flies and cockroaches from biting. Wipe out flies.
3, do a good job of disinfection and isolation of diarrhea patients, to prevent the spread of the disease.
Diarrhea can cause dehydration, and severe dehydration can lead to death. The best way to prevent dehydration is oral rehydration.
It can be used since diarrhea. Families can take oral rehydration by mixing 20 grams of white sugar (about 2 teas).
Spoon), salt 1.75g (about 1/4 teaspoons) are added into 500ml warm water or cold water, and fully stirred. Very few
Maximum daily dose for children over 2 years old 1000 ml.
If children with diarrhea are still thirsty and vomit frequently after oral rehydration. Fever, severe diarrhea or blood should be treated.
Go to the hospital for medical treatment.