1, Spinal cord diseases: Spinal cord diseases include many kinds, which are the most complicated and difficult diseases in neurology. Spinal cord diseases include acute myelitis, spinal cord compression, syringomyelia, subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord, spinal vascular diseases, motor neuron diseases, central nervous system infections: herpes simplex encephalitis, viral encephalitis, prion diseases, nervous system manifestations of AIDS, tuberculous meningitis, cerebral cysticercosis, etc.
2. Cerebrovascular diseases: Cerebrovascular diseases are common diseases in neurology, including transient ischemic attack, cerebral infarction (cerebral thrombosis, lacunar infarction, cerebral embolism), cerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, hypertensive encephalopathy, abnormal vascular network diseases at the bottom of the brain, temporal arteritis, intracranial venous sinus and cerebral venous thrombosis.
3. Peripheral neuropathy: Peripheral neuropathy is a common disease in neurology. Peripheral neuropathy includes trigeminal neuralgia, idiopathic facial neuritis, hemifacial spasm, most cranial nerve injuries, mononeuropathy and neuralgia, polyneuropathy, acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy.
4. Demyelinating diseases of central nervous system: There are relatively few common diseases in this kind of neurology, including multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis.
5. Dyskinesia diseases: including Parkinson's disease, chorea, hepatolenticular degeneration and dystonia, among which Parkinson's disease is a common disease in neurology, and the incidence rate is on the rise in recent years.
6. Epilepsy: All these neurological diseases occur in infancy, and epilepsy can be divided into partial seizures, complete seizures, epilepsy syndrome and status epilepticus.
7. Muscle diseases: including progressive muscular dystrophy, periodic paralysis and polymyositis autonomic nervous system diseases. Patients with such common nervous system diseases will be accompanied by symptoms of muscle weakness.
8, headache: divided into migraine, tension headache, low intracranial pressure headache, headache is the most common disease in neurology, almost many people are troubled by headache.
9. Dementia: Both Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia belong to the category of dementia. This common nervous system disease will lead to a serious decline in patients' memory and eventually turn their loved ones into "the most familiar strangers".
10, Dysplasia of nervous system: This kind of common neurological diseases is congenital.
1 1. Hereditary diseases of nervous system: This kind of common diseases in neurology are familial.
12, neuromuscular junction disease: myasthenia gravis, a common nervous system disease, although the incidence is not high, it is fatal to patients.
What disease does neurology see?
Nervous system is a neural network composed of central nervous system composed of brain and spinal cord and peripheral nervous system composed of cranial nerve and spinal nerve. Main symptoms and signs: disturbance of consciousness, speech, sensation, movement, mental retardation, syncope and seizure, amnesia, cerebral hernia, etc.
Department of Neurology ordinary care
1, keep the ward quiet, clean and ventilated, and reduce the visits of patients with serious illness.
2. Rest position: general patients rest in bed, and critically ill patients absolutely rest in bed. Chronic degenerative diseases encourage patients to get out of bed, but avoid overwork: those with conscious disorder and respiratory secretions that are difficult to cough up take a semi-recumbent position or a lateral position.
3, diet nutrition: give a nutritious diet, eat more fresh vegetables and fruits, in order to facilitate smooth stool. Those with mild dysphagia should eat viscous semi-liquid and chew slowly to avoid choking and suffocation; those with consciousness disorder and dysphagia should be given nasal feeding with liquid, and keep in a semi-recumbent position for 30-60 minutes after eating, and then resume their posture.
4. Life care: for critical patients such as massive cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, intracranial hypertension and coma. Oral care, perineum and skin care should be done well to help them turn over.
5, skin care: people with consciousness disorder or long-term bed rest should help turn over regularly according to the needs of the disease to avoid pressure ulcers.
6. Pipeline care: If the pipeline is reserved, pay attention to whether the pipeline is unobstructed, the quantity and characteristics of drainage materials, and whether the identification is clear.
7. Excretion nursing: those with urinary retention are given indwelling catheter and regular bladder function training. Male patients with urinary incontinence use male urethra to connect drainage bag, while female patients use liquid catheter to keep perineum and urethral orifice clean, and frequently change urine pads and sheets. People with fecal incontinence should clean up the excrement in time to protect the perianal skin. Constipation is passed once every three days to keep the stool unobstructed.
8. Medication nursing: master the dosage, method, concentration, effect and side effects of commonly used drugs in neurology, pay attention to the efficacy of drugs, and accurately control and adjust the speed of drug use.
9. Observation of illness: Pay attention to the state of consciousness, pupils, vital signs and physical activity.
10. Nursing care after cerebral vascular intervention: closely observe the pulse of wound and dorsal artery of foot, and pay attention to the changes of consciousness, pupil, heart rate and blood pressure.
1 1, prepare and regularly check rescue articles and medicines, and perform chest compressions and artificial respiration when necessary.
12, discharge guidance: take medicine on time, pay attention to diet, avoid overwork, exercise moderately, and have regular outpatient review.
Specialized nursing of neurology department
1. Posture nursing: Paralyzed limbs should maintain good functional posture, prevent joint hyperextension, especially the correct placement of shoulder joint, hip joint and ankle joint, and prevent joint dislocation and foot drop.
2. Rehabilitation exercise: After 24 hours of onset, the vital signs are stable and rehabilitation exercise can be started. Coma patients take passive exercise, while sober patients are instructed to participate in passive and active exercise. Prevent muscle atrophy and limb contracture deformity.
3, medication care: the use of anticoagulant drugs (aspirin, Plavix) requires regular examination of coagulation function to prevent bleeding. When using vasodilators, we should pay attention to complications such as hypotension.
4. Nursing care of dysphagia: Evaluate the swallowing function of patients, give proper diet, give nasal feeding when necessary, and do oral care well.
5. Safety nursing: For patients with consciousness disorder, hemiplegia, mental disorder, Parkinson's disease and epilepsy, add a bed bar and restrain them according to their illness to prevent them from falling off the bed, falling and getting lost. Patients with cognitive and emotional disorders should do a good job of "three prevention nursing" and leave someone to accompany them.
6. Patients with increased intracranial pressure are prohibited from enema and lumbar puncture, so as not to induce cerebral hernia.
7. Use vasodilators such as nimotop (avoid light). , should closely observe blood pressure, strictly control the dripping speed, and make records.
Health education of nerve underwear
1, disease knowledge guidance: guide patients and their families to master disease-related knowledge and self-care methods, help analyze and eliminate personal and family factors in disease recovery, encourage patients to maintain a happy mood and emotional stability, and establish confidence in overcoming diseases.
2. Avoid incentives: establish good living habits, maintain emotional stability and a happy mood, cultivate a variety of hobbies, and properly distract attention; Wash your face and brush your teeth lightly, and the food should be soft. Avoid stiff and fried food.
3. Exercise guidance: strengthen physical function exercise and daily life training, reduce complications and promote rehabilitation. Both passive and active movements of limbs should maintain the maximum range of motion of joints.
4, prevent complications: diet should be light, keep the mouth clean, prevent oral infection; Turn over and pat your back regularly to prevent pressure sores and lung infections; Keep perineum clean to prevent urinary tract infection.
5. Medication and medical guidance: explain the function and adverse reactions of drugs and guide patients to use drugs correctly according to the doctor's advice, which is not suitable for timely medical treatment.
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