"Healthy building" is not a high-tech building, but should be considered: effective use of energy and resources; Provide an indoor environment with excellent air quality, lighting, acoustics and aesthetics; Minimize construction waste and domestic waste; Make full use of the existing municipal infrastructure; Use materials that are beneficial to the environment as much as possible; Adapt to changes in lifestyle and needs; Economical and practical. This paper expounds the healthy building design from the following three aspects:
First of all, from the perspective of human health.
It involves indoor air quality, water quality and background factors such as light, noise and electromagnetic field radiation.
According to the relevant survey report in Europe, among non-industrial buildings, healthy buildings only account for 50% ~ 70%. BRI (Building Related Dillness) refers to various diseases or physical weakness caused by harmful radiation (electromagnetic radiation and radioactive substances), too high or too low temperature and humidity, and too high concentration of biochemical harmful substances in the indoor environment of buildings. SBS (SickBuildingSyndrome) refers to various uncomfortable symptoms caused by the building environment, such as headache, fatigue, cold and nausea. Building refers to a building with suitable thermal environment, light environment, sound environment and air environment to meet the requirements of people's life or production activities. Among them, the thermal environment includes indoor temperature, humidity, cleanliness and airflow speed, the light environment includes indoor and outdoor lighting and color, the sound environment includes indoor and outdoor noise, acoustic effect and vibration, and the air environment includes indoor and outdoor air components and smells. The main causes of SBS may be the lack of reasonable maintenance of buildings, changes in heat load and pollutant load of buildings, changes in control scheme of building equipment, or unreasonable architectural design.
1, indoor air quality
(1) Reduce pollutants: There are considerable potential harmful pollutants in general building materials, including wood products, carpets, paints, sealing pastes, adhesives, etc. Organic Volatiles (VOC) of household cleaning agents, fabrics, inks, etc. Oil, mold, dust, pollen, dandruff, wood (rosin, snow rosin, etc.). ) and wood products. The common reactions to these pollutants are nervousness, fatigue, headache and irritation to eyes, ears, nose and throat. Materials, building systems and mechanical systems should be selected to minimize these pollutants.
(2) Removal of pollutants: Any by-products produced by burning coal, gas and wood must be removed directly from the room. If there is a high radon value, it should be discharged in advance. It is necessary to discharge pollutants in polluted places.
(3) Dilution of indoor air: The air discharged into the room should be as clean as possible, sufficient in quantity and evenly distributed in the house.
(4) Measures: The measures to be taken include: the heating system has the least spillage of combustion products, and it is best to use low-temperature heating system; Use ceramics, hardwood, etc. Decorate the floor, cement tiles; Concrete does not need additives, water reducing agents and curing agents; Building materials have no formaldehyde or the least VOC content; Use non-toxic or low-toxic coatings for walls and ceilings; Good outdoor air quality; Input fresh air and discharge stale air; Use air purification system to remove pollutants in the air; Furniture and furnishings release the least chemical pollutants; Dust and pollutants should be produced as little as possible during construction.
2. Water quality
Groundwater such as lakes, rivers, surface water and fountains is polluted by industry and agriculture, which has aroused people's concern about the quality of drinking water. Use municipal water as much as possible, and sterilize only when there is no municipal water supply. Sterilization techniques include chlorination, iodination, distillation, ceramic filtration, ultraviolet irradiation and ozone detoxification.
3. Light, sound and radiation
(1) light: sunlight is beneficial to bone growth. For patients affected by seasons, sunshine can relieve symptoms. Working in the sun can improve efficiency. You can get a lot of sunshine by using high-function windows. The most effective sunshine countermeasure is to set windows on both sides to reduce glare. Large-scale buildings can adopt new technologies such as light pipes or light wells.
(2) Noise: Some noises in cities are high enough to make people worry and even lose their hearing. The measures to reduce noise are: thicker shell structure; Improve the detailed design and construction methods; Sealing of leakage point and seepage part; Adopt sound-absorbing materials and mineral wool, glass wool and cellulose; Reasonable configuration of vibrating equipment, etc.
(3) Radiation: The extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields generated by alternating current are harmful to human health. The electric field and magnetic field decrease rapidly with the increase of distance, so distance is the best protection means for electromagnetic radiation. The viewing distance of TV is 1.22 ~ 1.52 m, and the viewing distance of video display terminal is 0.9 mm. The bed should leave the power supply and enter the indoor power supply and TV or video terminal.
Second, starting from energy consumption.
With the development of urbanization, building energy consumption is increasing. Building energy consumption in developed countries accounts for 30% ~ 50% of the total energy consumption, and building energy consumption in China also accounts for more than 10% of the total energy consumption. At present, most of the energy consumed by mankind belongs to exhausted energy (such as oil, coal, natural gas, etc.). Experts estimate that at the current growth rate of energy consumption, the exhausted energy consumption can only be maintained at about 200 ~ 300 a, so the energy problem facing mankind is severe. In the early 1970s, the global energy crisis promoted the development of energy-saving buildings.
Measures to improve residential energy efficiency mainly include: selecting suitable building materials; Improve the fence structure; Improving heating, cooling and climate control systems; Reduce the energy consumption of lights and equipment.
1, material energy consumption
The manufacture of building materials consumes a lot of energy, and reasonable selection of building materials can greatly save energy. Many thermal insulation materials consume a lot of energy in the manufacturing process, but they can reduce the heating energy consumption, which can be compensated in 2.6 years.
More and more reprocessed materials are used in buildings, and there are also thermal insulation materials and liners made of waste paper and waste paper boards on the market. Pipes and carpets made of waste plastics; Dry wall using recycled board; Wood products produced from waste wood; Many other new products are under development. In addition, energy consumption for maintenance, removal and replacement, and transportation should also be considered.
2. Architectural design
Heat loss The design heat loss of a building can be greatly reduced by the following measures: minimizing the surface floor area ratio of the building; Improve thermal resistance; Reduce natural air leakage.
3. Energy consumption of heating, cooling and ventilation
With the reduction of heat loss in envelope design, it is possible to develop a smaller and more compact new mechanical system integrating heating (space and water), cooling and ventilation functions. This comprehensive mechanical system installed in a high-grade residence in Canada has the technology of heat storage and heat recovery, and the annual energy cost is reduced by more than 50%. Fans consume a lot of energy, the efficiency of ordinary fans is as low as 3%, and the fan efficiency of DC motor is the highest.
4. Renewable energy technology
With the decrease of residential energy demand, it is possible to use reuse technology to meet the needs of space and water heating. Recently, some healthy houses built in Canada have been able to meet the heating demand with 100% solar energy. By using low-radiation paint, inflatable windows and improving the window type, windows have now become the heating body of houses. The thermal resistance of the window increases from 0.3 to 1.4. Active solar energy heating usually uses solar collectors installed on the roof to supply heat to distant rocks or water storage tanks. The heat storage mechanism then provides heat to heat water or air.
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