The first is the developed country model. Also known as the affluence model, animal food is the main food. Usually, the annual per capita consumption of animal food reaches 270kg, while the direct consumption of food is only 60-70kg.
2. Developing country model. Also known as the food and clothing model, plant-based food is the mainstay. In some economically underdeveloped countries, the annual per capita consumption of cereals and potatoes reaches 200kg, while meat, eggs and fish are only 5g, and there is not much milk.
The third is the Japanese model. Also known as nutrition model, its main feature is that it not only has the traditional characteristics of oriental diet, but also absorbs the advantages of European and American countries. In addition, the economy is developed, and the per capita annual intake of grain is about 1 100 kg, and animal food is about 135kg.
The fourth is the Mediterranean model. Unique to people living in the Mediterranean region. The outstanding features are low intake of saturated fat and high intake of unsaturated fat. This diet contains a lot of carbohydrates. The intake of vegetables and fruits is high. The incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases is very low.
There are three types of diet structure:
I. Nutritional balance type
The food intake of animals and plants is relatively balanced, and the intake of energy, protein, fat and carbohydrate basically meets the nutritional requirements, and the diet structure is reasonable, represented by Japanese diet. By analyzing the dietary structure of Japanese after the war, we can find the following characteristics: the grain consumption is decreasing year by year. The per capita grain consumption in 1960 is 4 10g/d (g/day), and in 1980 it is 3 12g/d, which is 24% lower, but/kloc. 1984 per capita consumption of meat is 62g/d, milk and dairy products are 168g/d, eggs are 39g/d, fish and shellfish are 95g/d, protein intake of animals accounts for 45% of protein intake, and protein intake of aquatic products accounts for 50% of protein intake of animals. ? The energy intake is lower than that of developed countries in Europe and America, which is 65,438+0,984,2594 kcal. In recent years, it is still in a relatively stable state, with protein's 83g/d, and there is no big change. Fat increased a lot, 8 1g/d, but it was still lower than that of developed countries in Europe and America. Carbohydrate, protein and fat account for 59.2% and 65,438+of the total energy, respectively. However, with the change of diet structure, the order of death has also changed. At the beginning of the last century, due to the application of anti-tuberculosis drugs, tuberculosis, which is harmful to residents' health, dropped to 10 in the 1980s, and pneumonia dropped to the fourth place with the emergence of antibiotics. The top three causes of death are malignant tumor, stroke and heart disease (myocardial infarction). Although there are many influencing factors, the change of diet structure is still a factor that cannot be underestimated, which is also an important reason why many Japanese scholars call for preventing the westernization of diet.
Second, the overnutrition type
Grain consumption is low and animal food consumption is high. The per capita grain consumption is only160 ~190g/d; Animal food, meat is about 280g/d, milk and dairy products are more than 300 ~ 400 g/d, eggs are about 40 g/d, energy intake is 3300~3500kcal, protein is about 100g, and fat 130 ~ 150g. It is a high-energy, high-fat, high-protein and low-fiber dietary pattern, represented by the diets of developed countries in Europe and America. Although the food quality is good, it is over-nourished.
A large number of studies show that overnutrition is the same risk factor as obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, malignant tumor and other chronic diseases. Among them, the research on high-fat diet and cardiovascular diseases (mainly coronary heart disease) is the most, and the conclusion is clear. As early as 1933, Anitschkow pointed out that high-fat diet was related to the onset of coronary heart disease. During the Second World War, due to the lack of milk, butter and cheese in many European countries, the incidence of coronary heart disease once declined, and their relationship attracted more attention. From 1952 to 1956, Keys and others pointed out that the prevalence of coronary heart disease is high in areas where dietary fat intake accounts for 40% of total energy. According to the research on the relationship between coronary heart disease mortality and diet in 22 countries such as Yerushalmy, the mortality of coronary heart disease is positively correlated with fat intake, and the correlation is significant (r=0.659). A study by the American Committee of Experts on Diet and Health shows that dietary imbalance is an important risk factor for several chronic diseases, among which cardiovascular disease is the most obvious, which has high reference significance for breast cancer, colon cancer and prostate cancer. Too much energy can lead to obesity and increase the risk of developing type II diabetes. The study also pointed out that there is clear evidence that the total amount and types of dietary fat and other lipids have an impact on the risk of coronary heart disease; Clinical, animal experiments and epidemiological studies have confirmed that increasing the intake of saturated fatty acids can increase serum total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), cause atherosclerosis and increase the risk of coronary heart disease. The intake of saturated fatty acids is the main dietary determinant of serum TC and LDL-C, so it is also the determinant of coronary heart disease risk. Some studies on dietary fat and cancer show that the high intake of total fat and saturated fatty acid is related to the high morbidity and mortality of colon cancer, breast cancer and prostate cancer.
Increasing energy intake, reducing energy consumption or both can lead to positive energy balance, and long-term positive energy balance is an important cause of obesity. Epidemiological and clinical studies and some animal experiments have confirmed that obesity is related to coronary heart disease, postmenopausal breast cancer, type II diabetes, hypertension, gallbladder disease, endometrial cancer and osteoarthritis. Human studies show that abdominal fat accumulation is more dangerous to type II diabetes, coronary heart disease, hypertension and stroke than hip and thigh fat accumulation, and can increase the mortality of these diseases.
As for protein intake, Yerushalmy and other 22 countries' research on the relationship between coronary heart disease mortality and diet showed that protein intake of animals was significantly correlated with coronary heart disease mortality (r=0.765), while protein intake of plants was negatively correlated with coronary heart disease mortality (r=-0.43). Studies in some countries show that eating a meat-rich diet is related to coronary heart disease, colon cancer and breast cancer. This diet is characterized by high content of saturated fat and cholesterol, indicating that high animal protein and high fat (especially high saturated fat) are the same risk factors for coronary heart disease and some cancers.
Overnutrition has seriously damaged the health of westerners. Nowadays, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and malignant tumor have become the three major causes of death in westerners, especially the death rate of heart disease is significantly higher than that in developing countries and Japan. 1988 American airlines one? Nutrition and health? The Current Situation Research Report describes coronary heart disease, cancer, hypertension, diabetes, obesity and bone diseases, alcoholism, behavior problems and other diseases 1 1, and also analyzes the relationship between these so-called affluent diseases and diet structure in detail. The report shows that 1.25 million people suffer from myocardial infarction (2/3 men) and1.50 million people die of myocardial infarction every year in the United States. Every year, 500,000 people suffer from arteriosclerosis and stroke, and 6.5438+0.5 million people die or lose their ability to take care of themselves. 475,000 people die of cancer every year; Diabetic patients 1 1 10,000. There are exceptions to the influence of high-fat diet on chronic diseases. The famous survey in seven countries found that the dietary fat intake of people in Chirac Island accounts for 40% of the total energy, of which 29% comes from monounsaturated fat and only 8% comes from saturated fat, and the cardiovascular diseases are far lower than those in other western countries. The diet of this group is characterized by olive oil, fish, grains, fruits and vegetables and red wine. It has been suggested that the Mediterranean diet has the strongest effect on preventing cardiovascular diseases, which may also be related to anthocyanins and bioflavonoids.
Third, nutritional deficiency type.
Plant food is the main food, animal food is less, and the dietary quality is not high. The intake of protein and fat is low, which is represented by the diet in developing countries. According to FAO statistics, in the mid-1980s, the per capita energy intake of these countries was 2,000-2,300 kilocalories, while that of protein was about 50 grams, and the fat was 30-40 grams, barely meeting the needs. Protein and the lack of fat intake, malnutrition is still a serious social problem in these countries.