Why is this "intellectual rumor" repeatedly refuted, but it is repeatedly spread in the circle of friends with the attitude of "popular science"? Wu Yuee, an associate professor at the School of Journalism, Communication and Film Art of Hunan University, analyzed this.
"Compared with communication platforms such as Weibo, the circle of friends has some characteristics, which makes it easier to provide a hotbed for rumors." Wu Yuee said that the information disseminators in the circle of friends are basically relatives and friends, and people will trust their relatives and friends.
And blindly follow and move forward without thinking. Secondly, the circle of friends is a semi-private platform, with limited people to see and poor information self-purification, and rumors are difficult to be directly "broken" in the process of communication. In addition, "rumors of intellectuals"
It often involves topics closely related to people. For the health and safety of themselves and their relatives and friends, it is easy for everyone to believe in pseudoscience and forwarding with the mentality of "believing in it, not believing in it".
Wu Yuee suggested that in the face of this kind of information, we should first arm our minds with scientific ideas and don't easily believe so-called rumors. If you are not sure of the authenticity, you can consult relevant authoritative materials or experts. In addition, we should have a sense of responsibility as communicators and not blindly forward them. This is not only responsible for your own judgment, but also for friends in your circle of friends.
2. What's the difference between gossip and rumor?
Rumor: an unconfirmed explanation or interpretation of things, events or problems that are of interest to the public and spread through various channels.
According to the above definition, the rumor is not true or false, because it is unconfirmed information, so it is impossible to determine the truth or falsehood of the rumor. Gossip: inaccurate information about social reality spread among people.
The way of communication is generally oral, informal and unofficial. These aspects are similar to rumors, but rumors are deliberately fabricated, malicious attacks and demagogues, and rumors generally do not intentionally hurt someone.
Some rumors have negative effects and even cause social chaos, but they are different from rumors in motivation and purpose. Deliberately spreading "gossip" belongs to the category of rumors.
The spreading process of rumors has three characteristics: ① generalization. When spreading, many specific details will be missed and a lot of information will be lost, which will make the content more concise and more pertinent.
2 key points. Some contents attract the listener's attention and leave a deep impression, thus becoming more prominent.
③ Assimilation. The receiver of gossip understands the content of gossip according to his own subjective factors such as experience, knowledge, habits, attitudes, interests, needs and emotions. Anyone who meets his subjective conditions will accept it, and at the same time summarize and sort out all kinds of contents according to his own logical system, further process them, and even add details, and then spread them.
So the initial rumors may have changed beyond recognition in the end. According to the motivation of the emergence and spread of gossip, it can be divided into four types: ① a kind of gossip that reflects the public's strong desire for someone or something.
(2) Rumors arising from curiosity about something. (3) Rumors arising from anxiety and fear.
(4) spreading rumors to vent jealousy, hatred and even hostility towards someone or something.
Why are there so many rumors?
Whether it is a circle of friends or a WeChat group, I believe that everyone has seen many rumors, which are very fake at first glance. Even if it is very false news, why do so many people forward it and believe it? I have some ideas about this problem. How do rumors arise and spread? There are two kinds of rumors: common-sense rumors and false information spread in emergencies. Common sense rumors are mainly related to personal identification ability, and the so-called rumors stop at the wise.
Because of the different education level, everyone's life circle is different, and their cognition of common sense is biased. You think that common sense is not necessarily common sense in others. Some people deliberately take rumors as their own YY business, but the people they see are serious and spread the information. In the Internet age, information spreads very quickly on the Internet.
In this way, rumors spread quickly. The same thing, a thousand people have a thousand Hamlets in their hearts.
The second reason for spreading rumors is that the information spread by emergencies is untrue, and many people pay attention to emergencies. Before the official information came out, many people were not parties, so it was difficult to distinguish between true and false, and forwarded false information with perceptual knowledge. After adding your own emotions, the authenticity of the information will be reduced.
Seeing many people forwarding, they also forwarded with the mentality of following the crowd. Most of the rumors forwarded in the WeChat group are elderly people. These people have just come into contact with WeChat, an Internet tool, and lack judgment on the authenticity of information.
When you see such information, don't always think that you are superior because you know it is false news or rumors. Understand their mentality behind spreading such false information, and you will understand. Of course, it's good to remind you appropriately.
About the brain, these five "common sense" are actually rumors.
Humans have many misunderstandings about the brain and its working mode.
The brain is the most amazing organ of the human body. Millions of cells gather together in some way, which leads to thinking, feeling and action-that's why people are human.
Therefore, it is not surprising that people have so many misunderstandings about the working mode of this 3-pound (about 2.4kg) "big meat block". The following are five rumors about the brain summarized and edited by Eriocheir sinensis.
The rumor that listening to Mozart music can make you smarter-classical music, especially Mozart music-has been rampant in the past 20 years. 1998, the governor of Georgia even wants to set up a fund to give each newborn in the state a free classical music tape or CD.
But the fact is, there are only very rare data showing that listening to Mozart can make you smart. Mozart effect first came into public view in 1993, and the famous magazine Nature published a paper.
This study was conducted by Francis Lauscher (now at the University of Wisconsin). The results show that college students who listened to Mozart's sonata (No.448) for 65,438+00 minutes scored higher (8 points) in the spatial intelligence test than those who listened to relaxation instructions or nothing. But even in this study, this effect is very short-lived-it gradually disappears after 10 to 15 minutes.
Moreover, listening to Mozart is only effective in spatial intelligence tests such as origami or solving maze problems with pencils. Subsequent studies have found that listening to Mozart's music in the womb has a similar effect on improving spatial intelligence. )
But generally speaking, the improvement of one aspect of intelligence does not mean that other aspects can also be done. Therefore, there is no reason to think that this can improve people's mathematical or linguistic reasoning ability.
Since then, people have conducted dozens of studies to verify the effects of classical music. Some can repeat the small effect of the original research published in Nature, but some fail.
Some scientists think that compared with Mozart's E799BE5BA6E4B 893E5B19E313331313334 spatial structure talent, the experimental results are more related to fun and emotions. And experiments show that other music has similar effects.
In an experiment conducted in 2006 on children aged 10 and 1 1 0, Blur's rock music was better than Mozart's. Even so, the research on Mozart's sonatas continues to this day.
Some recent studies show that Mozart can have some positive effects on the brain wave patterns of epileptic patients. Myth 2: The right brain is responsible for creative thinking and the left brain is responsible for logical thinking. The brain is divided into two hemispheres, which are connected by a structure called corpus callosum.
This structure has led many people to speculate that there is a great difference between the two hemispheres. But many of these guesses are not correct.
A healthy brain always connects the left and right hemispheres through the corpus callosum and works together. Modern brain imaging techniques such as fMRI clearly confirm brain cooperation.
Even simple tasks involving only language, mathematics and creation are performed by the whole brain across the hemisphere. There is only one main difference between the left and right hemispheres of the brain: the right hemisphere controls the left side of the body and the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body.
However, even this is not completely fixed. If a person's brain is injured, healthy parts can sometimes take over the functions of the injured part-even the other hemisphere of the brain.
For example, surgeons sometimes remove half a child's brain to prevent repeated severe seizures. Some children may lose the movement ability of the opposite body, but many can still walk and talk normally-their personality has not changed.
However, there are some good explanations for why the brain was split in two in the first place-for better overall function. Tania Lombraud Zo of National Public Radio (NPR) had an interesting interview. )
Myth 3: You only use 10% of your brain. The source of this erroneous statement is unknown and widely circulated. Its lasting spread may be due to people's inner desire-how wonderful a world where everyone has amazing potential that has not been unlocked.
Now using fMRI and other imaging techniques, researchers can observe the actual use of the brain. They found that even when performing very simple tasks, they could clearly observe the whole brain moving.
John Henley, a neurologist at Mayo Clinic, explained in Scientific American: "The evidence shows that your brain is running at a speed of 100% all day." Considering the energy consumption of the brain can give you a more intuitive understanding.
The brain is a hungry organ, accounting for 20% of human consumption. If it is not put into use, it will be inefficient-almost impossible for human beings to evolve such a huge and energy-intensive brain.
This will definitely be a great waste of resources. Myth 4: Adults can't produce new brain cells. To be fair, this is not only a popular rumor-for a long time, most scientists believed that once he became an adult, he would not produce new brain cells.
They are convinced of this view. When Joseph Altman, a researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), discovered in the 1960s that adult mice could produce new brain cells, other researchers turned a deaf ear to it. But this phenomenon was later confirmed in other species.
In the 1980s, scientists found evidence that adult songbirds produced new brain cells. In the 1990s, similar evidence was found in mice and monkeys.
Finally, in 1998, scientists published a study that proved that adults can also produce new brain cells. They confirmed this by injecting cell markers into the brains of several cancer volunteers.
After these patients died, the researchers examined their brains and found tangible evidence of newborn cells in the hippocampus, which is a key area responsible for memory. Scientists are still studying the specific functions of these newborn cells and their influence on human thinking.
Myth 5: Your memory is accurate. Your memory may be very unreliable, even very vivid and highly emotional at that time (this kind of memory is often called "flash memory"). Our memory often contains errors, blanks, false hints and approximations.
Memory usually declines with time. The brain is not a perfect computer-like data storage device, but an error-prone fleshy organ.
For example, in the highly dramatic Simpson murder trial.
5. Briefly describe the rumors that we believed together in those years.
When we were young, adults told us that eating earwax would make us dumb; After growing up, the media told us that crayfish is poison; When we are under pressure, the spiritual master tells us that we can get things done by thinking, hypnotize ourselves and you can become a superman, and all problems can be solved easily; After paying enough down payment, I finally bought a house, but people say that the 9- 1 1 building is a gray building; Finally married a wife and gave birth to a child. The old man also told the woman that the confinement should be "covered", otherwise "one year will last for three years in the baby's mind" ... We live in an era full of rumors, and China people with low scientific literacy are performing an absurd tragicomedy under the brainwashing of pseudo-common sense and pseudo-science, from the salt crisis to the rumors of children's vaccines, genetically modified rumors, PX project crisis, and so on.
Baidu knows that as the world's largest Chinese question-and-answer platform, it always takes the accumulation and inheritance of knowledge as its responsibility. In this book, Baidu used powerful search engines and big data platforms to dig out 60 of the most fashionable "common sense" at present, and invited many experts in the field of popular science to take turns to pat bricks. The book takes the most frequently searched questions in Baidu as the topic source, and finds six areas where users are most concerned and pseudoscience is most rampant. In view of typical problems, a group of scientific writers, researchers and media practitioners who have made great achievements in the field of popular science are invited to make an incisive analysis of these rumors that have been regarded as "common sense" and fundamentally shake the foundation of rumor argument from a scientific, rational and professional perspective.
6.20 17 Common rumors in WeChat circle of friends, please use them urgently.
First of all, it is not the rumor of WeChat friends circle, but the rumor of the whole network is common. Please look at the following categories.
What are the types of online rumors?
There are roughly four kinds of rumors in the whole cyberspace:
1. Social security rumors such as "tap water pollution" and "someone was flooded with electricity" after the rain caused social panic;
2. Love and charity rumors, such as "robbing children", mainly use the sympathy of netizens;
3. Rumors about common sense of life, such as food safety and medical care. They are all aimed at the "pain points" in the lives of netizens;
4. Malicious marketing rumors, merchants use this event to promote their products and improve brand awareness.
Why do online rumors spread again and again?
5. Emergencies and natural disasters are a period of frequent network rumors, because at this time, netizens generally start from their own interests and like to guess the progress of events, and finally deduce false information according to their own logic and post it on the network, which becomes the source of rumors.
6. Some netizens forwarded it directly without identification out of insecurity and venting demand, which made rumors spread and had a huge impact. This is a psychological mechanism that enables rumors to spread.