2. Prevention of larval diseases in the United States. Each box of bees can feed 30 thousand units of tetracycline or cephalosporin. For the treatment of this disease, sulfathiazole sodium and oxytetracycline tablets can be used alternately or mixed, and each tablet is mixed with diluted honey solution and fed to bees 16 frames for 7- 10 days.
3, pot-bellied disease, also known as dysentery disease, is mostly caused by bee indigestion and untimely excretion. Norfloxacin and yeast tablets can be mixed according to a certain dose and fed with 40-50% dilute honey water for 2-3 days.
4. Black bee disease is also called paralysis. Mainly due to the low temperature and humid environment, 200,000 units of chlortetracycline or neomycin syrup can be used every two days 1 time, 3-4 times in a row.
5. Chalk disease can be treated with "Jiekejing No.2" developed by bee research institute of Zhejiang Agricultural University, and each larva is sprayed with 0.4g spleen, which has a good effect.
Do a good job in the prevention of plant honey powder poisoning, pesticide poisoning and pests and diseases, implement safe production, and ensure the health of bees.
Bees belong to Arthropoda, Insecta, Hymenoptera, Apiidae and Apiioidea.
I. Introduction of varieties
① Italian bees
This is a yellow bee, native to Italy. There are generally three brown links in the abdomen of Italian bees, and the last three are black. The queen bee's abdomen is generally brown and her tail is mostly black.
Italian bees have strong adaptability, gentle temperament and easy management. Queen bees and strong worker bees have strong spawning ability and weak bee division, which is easy to maintain large groups. Worker bees have strong collecting ability, are good at collecting pieces of honey sources and large honey sources with long flowing time, secrete more wax and make spleen quickly. The disadvantages of Italian bees are that the queen bee lays eggs without restriction, consumes a lot of feed, has poor wintering performance, is easy to steal bees to build nests, and is not as good as the Chinese bee.
(2) Bees in China
The Chinese bee in the north is larger in size, stronger in cold tolerance than the Chinese bee in the south, and less adaptable to the hot and humid climate in the south. Bees in China in the south are smaller.
The queen bee of Chinese bees is generally black, and a few bellies are dark red; Worker bees have yellow-brown bellies with black rings. Chinese bees are cold-resistant and heat-resistant, fly fast, have a keen sense of smell, and are good at collecting scattered honey sources and avoiding enemies. Chinese bee has good spleen-building performance, does not use gum, is high in wax, and has stronger anti-mite ability than western bee. The disadvantage of Chinese bees is that they are easy to separate and escape naturally, and they are also easy to steal bees.
The most suitable species for breeding in Zhejiang are Italian bee variety 1 of Zhejiang Agricultural University with high royal jelly and honey yield, as well as high-quality queen bees in Pinghu and Changxing, local Italian bees and Carpathian bees.
Second, the structure of bee colony
Bee colony is the unit on which bees live and develop. It consists of beehives, nests and three types of bees. The so-called "three types of bees" are worker bees, queen bees and drones.
A swarm of bees usually consists of a queen bee, tens of thousands of worker bees and several drones cultivated during the breeding period.
(1) queen bee
The queen bee is the only fully developed female bee. The queen bee is longer than the worker bee 1/4- 1/3 and weighs about twice as much as the worker bee. Longer life, 4-6 years. The queen bee's function is to lay eggs, and it also plays a central role in maintaining the life of bees.
(2) UAV
The drone has a strong body, fully developed male organs and particularly developed vision. The drone in the bee colony is the spouse of the new queen bee and plays an important role in the reproduction of the bee colony. The life of the drone is only three months. It can't collect honey, and it is fed by worker bees, and its food intake is several times that of worker bees. After the breeding season, it is necessary to "kill the males" artificially. In late autumn and early winter, in order to save feed, worker bees will expel drones from the hive and let them freeze to death and starve to death.
(3) worker bees
The smallest individual should undertake all the services of the bee colony, such as collecting nectar and pollen, brewing bee bread, feeding bees, feeding the queen bee, building a hive, guarding the hive, and adjusting the temperature and humidity in the bee colony.
Third, the main points of bee colony management
(1) Transferring bees
Bee transfer is one of the main forms of bee keeping in Huzhou.
1, determine the route of releasing bees. This refers to the route of the bee release point through which the bee colony propagates and produces all year round. It can be summarized as three lines: east and north lines, middle line and west line. The following are examples of the eastern and northern lines.
East and north lines. Around New Year's Day, northern/bee colony → wintering breeding in late February and early March in Fujian and Guangdong/Xiaying line, Zhejiang-Jiangxi line, Anhui-Jiangxi line → harvesting of rape and milk vetch honey in late March and early April/Zhejiang-Jiangxi line, Shanghai-Hangzhou line and Shanghai-Nanjing line → northern Zhejiang, southern Jiangsu, northern Anhui from late April to early May. There are also some bee farms that collect sweet clover honey in Liaoning, Vitex negundo honey in Beijing and Liaoning, and rape honey or grass honey in Heilongjiang.
Some bees with strong wintering ability will overwinter locally or breed in Jiangxi, and then go north to collect honey in the above order in March. Bees collect honey from Tilia amurensis, Vitex negundo, Melilotus Melilotus and rape, and then from Lespedeza, sunflower, buckwheat and grass flowers nearby. By the end of August and the beginning of September, most of the bee farms and beekeepers returned to the local area to collect camellia to breed overwintering bees, and some of the bee farms stayed in the northeast to overwinter until the end of June at 5438+065438+ 10.
At the same time, we should find the source of honey. ① The honey source area is large and the density of bees is small. ② The nectar plants grow well and the flowing bees are stable. Only by mastering the relationship between honey source and flowering period can we chase flowers and seize honey, and achieve the goal of high quality, high yield and high efficiency.
(2) release bees at a fixed place
Fix the bee colony in a place with rich honey sources and move the bees nearby appropriately. The main honey sources in this province are rape that blooms in March-April, Chinese milk vetch that blooms for 20-30 days in April-May, citrus that blooms for 20-30 days in early May, Chinese tallow that blooms in mid-June-mid-July, and cotton that blooms 10 days in early July-September. There are also some Vitex negundo, jujube, lily and loquat flowers.
(3) the management of bees in four seasons
1, spring
① In the early flowering period of rape, check and rectify the bee colony on sunny days. Remove the nest spleen without bees and the honey spleen with mildew to create conditions for the queen bee to lay eggs. Bees with less than one spleen fuse in time. In order to preserve excellent mobile queen bees, vulnerable groups can be formed into double queen bees.
(2) Heat preservation inside and outside the nest should be strengthened in early spring. When the temperature is above 14℃ on a sunny day, peel off the film, properly open the big nest door, let the bees move in the box, bask in the sun, and take away the moisture in the hive.
(3) do a good job of honey and spleen. When the honeycomb is short of honey, add the honeycomb spleen, heat the honey solution to 37℃, pour it on both sides of the honeycomb spleen, and put it in a box for bees to eat. It is usually arranged at noon when the temperature is above 14℃.
(4) In the early flowering period of rape, whether there is enough honey stored in the box or not, honey water with a concentration of 40-50% should be fed to stimulate the queen bee to lay eggs and promote the worker bees' back-office work. Feeding amount: each box of bees is less than 7 cells, and the feeding amount is 0.25 kg each time; For more than 8 frames, the feeding amount is 0.5 kg each time. Check frequently and feed after eating.
⑤ A new queen bee should be cultivated at the late flowering stage and the early flowering stage of rape. When the bee colony enters the proliferation period, the high-quality empty spleen in the unmanned room should be replenished in time to make the bee colony multiply quickly. A water feeder should be set outside the box, and 0.5-0.9% salt should be added to the water for bees to suck.
⑥ When you enter the safflower stage, you should make more new spleens, so that there are enough empty spleens to store honey in the honey flow stage. At the same time, we should pay close attention to the production of royal jelly and honey, and at the same time avoid the phenomenon of bee separation.
2. Summer
The honey flow period in summer is from early June to early July, about 1 month. Mainly for heatstroke prevention and cooling, put the hive in the shade. Put several water basins around the hive, which contain 0.5% salt water for bees to suck. During this period, honey should be shaken well before 7 am; Taking out the redundant nest spleen in the bee colony; At the same time, Laozi's spleen seal was transferred from the small bee colony to supplement the bee colony for honey collection, thus expanding the bee colony and increasing the output of royal jelly and honey. Pollen is scarce in the later period. When the honey in the box drops day by day, the bees should be moved to a place with honey sources to promote the queen bee to lay eggs and make full preparations for cultivating strong bees in the next honey source period.
3. Autumn
(1) There is abundant honey powder in autumn, so a part of powder spleen is extracted and stored for mating in the next spring. Each box of bees should reserve enough wintering feed, and each box should reserve 2-3 sealed mature honey spleens. At the same time, commercial honey should also be collected properly.
(2) rectify the bees so that there is little difference between them. After the honey source is over, it is necessary to narrow the nest door and narrow the bee path to 9 mm width, which is beneficial to heat preservation and bee theft prevention.
③ Cultivating overwintering worker bees of appropriate age. Before the first frost, it is necessary to increase the feeding amount of honey, promote the queen bee to lay eggs, and cultivate overwintering worker bees of appropriate age. After this work, the queen bee must be controlled to lay eggs and promote her rest. The method is to take the pink spleen out of the box and put the bee colony in the dark. At the same time, we should check the bee colony to prevent the invasion of stolen bees.
4. Winter
(1) wintering insulation, insulation should be divided into two steps, the internal insulation can be carried out in the middle of June 5438+ 10, and the external insulation can be carried out in the stable outdoor temperature without hot noon. Bees like to gather in the middle of the nest spleen facing the sun in front of the hive. So put a few half-honey spleens in the middle and full-honey spleens on both sides. The bee diameter between the nest and spleen should be kept at 65438±05mm, which is beneficial to the reunion of overwintering bees.
(2) The nest door should be unblocked, which is the only air circulation port for the bee colony, and it is also the main way for managers to observe and master the bee colony. Generally keep 2-3 cm long and 0.8 cm high. Pay attention to cover the nest door to avoid direct sunlight to stimulate bee activities.
③ Take out dead bees and check them once every 15 days to prevent rodents. Timely diagnosis of group status. Generally, when it is cold, you will hear a swish sound, when it is hot, you will hear a whirring sound, and the normal sound is relatively low.
④ Keep the environment quiet and keep it away from noise and vibration. Don't move and knock the hive at will. Otherwise, it will cause bee anxiety, lead to a large amount of honey consumption, consume physical strength and shorten life span.
Fourth, prevention and treatment of common diseases.
1. When the bee mite is serious and there are many covered spleens, all the covered spleens should be taken out, smoked with sulfur for 3-5 minutes, ventilated after smoking 10-20 minutes, and put the spleens back in the original box.
2. Prevention of larval diseases in the United States. Each box of bees can feed 30 thousand units of tetracycline or cephalosporin. For the treatment of this disease, sulfathiazole sodium and oxytetracycline tablets can be used alternately or mixed, and each tablet is mixed with diluted honey solution and fed to bees 16 frames for 7- 10 days.
3, pot-bellied disease, also known as dysentery disease, is mostly caused by bee indigestion and untimely excretion. Norfloxacin and yeast tablets can be mixed according to a certain dose and fed with 40-50% dilute honey water for 2-3 days.
4. Black bee disease is also called paralysis. Mainly due to the low temperature and humid environment, 200,000 units of chlortetracycline or neomycin syrup can be used every two days 1 time, 3-4 times in a row.
5. Chalk disease can be treated with "Jiekejing No.2" developed by bee research institute of Zhejiang Agricultural University, and each larva is sprayed with 0.4g spleen, which has a good effect.
Do a good job in the prevention of plant honey powder poisoning, pesticide poisoning and pests and diseases, implement safe production, and ensure the health of bees.