① the cause of the disease
In the early lactation period after calving, the lactation peak appeared fastest, reaching the peak about 40 days after calving, but the recovery of poor appetite was very slow, and it did not reach the peak until 70 days after calving, so the appetite was poor within 10 weeks after calving, and the energy and glucose sources could not meet the needs of lactation consumption. If the nutrition in the feed diet is unbalanced, that is, the carbohydrate intake is insufficient, the protein and fat components are too much, or all three nutrients are available.
② Preventive measures
Feed a complete diet containing enough protein, energy and trace elements. This is especially true for lactating cows. Cattle should neither be malnourished nor obese. In the third trimester of pregnancy, limit milking times, feed high-quality forage and avoid feeding fermented silage. Sodium propionate can be given before and after delivery, once 120g, twice a day, for a total of 10 days, with good preventive effect. In management, stables should be clean, warm in winter and cool in summer, with good air circulation, dry cow beds and comfortable environment. In the third trimester, you should do moderate exercise on a flat playground. In addition, forestomach diseases, abomasum displacement, obstetric diseases and various poisoning diseases should be diagnosed as early as possible and treated in time to avoid secondary ketosis.
③ Treatment methods
Glucose supplement, not less than 1000g per day, orally or intravenously. You can also take 250 ~ 500g of sodium propionate and glycerol orally twice a day, and the effect is better. Corticotropin 100 ~ 200 IU, prednisone 0.2 ~ 0.4 g or dexamethasone 10 ~ 20 mg/time can also be used for intramuscular injection. If it is used with glucose solution, the curative effect is better. In order to relieve acidosis, 5% sodium bicarbonate 500 ~ 1000ml can be injected intravenously 1 time. Vitamin A is taken orally at 500 international units per kilogram of body weight, and 2 grams of vitamin C, vitamin E 1000 ~ 2000 mg, 1 intramuscular injection can achieve certain auxiliary effects. Patients with neurological symptoms can be treated with chloral hydrate or chlorpromazine.
(2) Postpartum paralysis
① the cause of the disease
Postpartum paralysis of dairy cows is closely related to its metabolism, and the decrease of blood calcium is the main reason.
A. Feed factors
Through the investigation of dairy cows who have suffered from this disease, it is found that the feed is single and the ratio of calcium to phosphorus is out of balance. Improper feed mix during perinatal period and before delivery can increase blood calcium concentration, stimulate thyroid C cells to secrete calcitonin, and inhibit parathyroid hormone secretion, thus reducing the ability to utilize bone calcium during lactation. Feeding a diet with high protein, iodine deficiency and ion imbalance is related to postpartum paralysis.
B. Fetal factors
In the third trimester of pregnancy, fetal bones develop rapidly. If the feed is not supplemented with enough calcium, the calcium stored in the maternal bones will be greatly lost, so the available calcium in the bones will be greatly reduced after delivery.
C. lactation factors
During postpartum lactation of dairy cows, a large amount of blood calcium enters colostrum, which makes the loss of calcium in the body faster than the absorption of calcium in digestive tract and the mobilization of calcium in bones. The calcium lost in blood can not be replenished in time, which leads to a sharp drop in blood calcium concentration, and at the same time, a large amount of blood sugar is converted into lactose, which leads to hypoglycemia and has a hypoglycemic inhibitory effect on the brain.
D. cerebral cortex inhibition
In the process of delivery, the cerebral cortex is excessively excited and then turns to inhibition; After delivery, the abdominal pressure drops sharply, and at the same time, the breast begins to milk, and a large amount of blood enters the breast, which reduces the blood pressure of the brain and causes temporary blood supply deficiency; A large amount of blood sugar is converted into lactose, which will lower blood sugar. These factors will inhibit the cerebral cortex, thus weakening the function of parathyroid gland, reducing the body's ability to mobilize calcium in bones, resulting in a rapid decline in blood calcium.
② Preventive measures
Half a month before delivery, high phosphorus and low calcium feed can artificially cause a negative balance of calcium and phosphorus, and feeding acidic feed can reduce the incidence of this disease. In the first few days of delivery, the dosage of concentrate and delicious forage should be reduced appropriately to keep the cow's good appetite. At the same time, strengthen the hygiene of the feeding environment and give some exercise. It has been reported that intravenous injection of 10% calcium gluconate and 10% glucose, 500 ml each, once a day, has a good preventive effect.
③ Treatment methods
The treatment of postpartum paralysis mainly includes calcium therapy, breast blowing and breast injection.
Calcium therapy: After intravenous injection of 8 ~ 10g calcium, about 80% of the sick cattle recovered immediately. Intravenous injection 10% calcium gluconate 800 ~ 1400 ml is very effective, and most cases can stand up within 4 hours. Those who do not get better after 6 hours of injection may be accompanied by severe hypophosphatemia. Intravenous injection 15% sodium dihydrogen phosphate 250 ~ 300 ml has proved effective, but it must be injected slowly.
Method of breast air supply: firstly, disinfect the nipple and nipple mouth with alcohol cotton balls to prevent infection. Inject 800,000 units of penicillin injection first, and then inflate the breast with a breast blower. The sequence of inflation is to fill the lower breast area first, then the upper breast area, and then gently tie the nipple with a bandage. Take off the bandage after 2 hours, and the gas disappears after 12 ~ 24 hours. This method is better if it is carried out simultaneously with intravenous injection of calcium.
Breast injection method: Although the effect of breast air supply method is good, the air injection amount is difficult to control and special equipment is needed. It is suggested that breast injection should be used instead of air supply therapy. Clinical application has proved that its curative effect is even better than that of breast invigorating qi, and the method is simple. Using sterile syringes and needles, the fresh milk of healthy cows is injected into the milk chambers through nipple ducts, with 250-300ml in each front milk chamber and 300-350ml in each rear milk chamber. When withdrawing from the breast needle after injection, gently twist the nipple with your fingers to prevent the milk from overflowing. It must be noted that the injected milk must be the milk of healthy cows without breast diseases, and it should be strictly disinfected during milking to avoid mastitis and brucellosis infection. In addition, combined with calcium supplementation therapy, the curative effect is better.
(3) hypomagnesemia
① the cause of the disease
There are two factors that lead to hypomagnesemia in cattle. One is the role of exogenous factors, that is, the content of magnesium in feed diet is insufficient, which is the main cause of this disease; The other is the role of endogenous factors, that is, the chemical changes of rumen contents in cattle cause magnesium malabsorption. Due to the lack or decrease of magnesium in cattle, the imbalance of magnesium, potassium, calcium and phosphorus is the main cause of the disease. Grass growing after rainy days is rich in protein and potassium, but low in magnesium, calcium, sodium ions and sugar, so it is a specific time to get sick, especially when cattle graze on land rich in organic nitrogen (such as ammonium bicarbonate) and eat fertile grass in the garden. In addition, the reduction of cattle's food intake will affect the absorption of magnesium; Diarrhea in cattle will increase magnesium excretion. Calving cows get sick about 7 days after delivery, because calves suck milk, which reduces the contents of magnesium and calcium in cows.
② Preventive measures
In the critical period of onset, magnesium oxide or magnesium sulfate can be taken orally, 30 ~ 40 grams per cow. Give a certain amount of hay before grazing in early spring; Overgrazing or overeating is not suitable in the lush season. In magnesium-deficient areas, before grazing cattle and sheep or during silage harvesting, 20 ~ 30 kg of magnesium sulfate can be sprayed on each hectare of grassland to prevent this disease.
③ Treatment methods
Intravenous injection of 400 ~ 800 ml of calcium-magnesium mixture (250 g of calcium gluconate, 50 g of magnesium sulfate, 1000 ml injection); 200ml 25% 25% magnesium sulfate solution is injected intramuscularly, or 2 ~ 4 g of magnesium sulfate is dissolved in1000 ml of 5% glucose solution for slow intravenous injection. After the symptoms improved, it was changed to intramuscular injection maintenance; Intravenous injection 10% calcium gluconate 500 ml, and then subcutaneous injection of 20% magnesium sulfate or magnesium chloride 200 ~ 400 ml. At the same time, take 60 grams of magnesium chloride orally, at least 1 week, and then gradually stop taking the medicine; 15g magnesium sulfate, 40g calcium gluconate, 50g glucose and 500ml purified water were sterilized and injected intravenously.
(4) tumor acidosis
① the cause of the disease
The disease mainly occurs in dairy cows aged 3 ~ 6 years, 1 ~ 3 births, and the disease is less common in dairy cows after 5 births. It can occur all year round, but the incidence rate is the highest in winter and spring. Cows in labor and within 3 days after delivery have more diseases, and the incidence rate is directly proportional to the milk yield. The more milk production, the higher the incidence. Poor feeding management, sudden change of feed or long-term feeding of inferior concentrate can also induce this disease; Simple feed, unreasonable combination, insufficient high-quality green feed or long-term overfeeding of root feed; Overeating or eating a large number of concentrated materials that are easy to produce acid and ferment by mistake will produce a large amount of lactic acid, thus reducing the pH value of rumen fluid, destroying normal digestive function and causing acidosis on the whole body.
② Preventive measures
A. Adding carbonate to feed, generally adding 0.8% ~ 1.5% sodium bicarbonate to concentrate of high-yield dairy cows.
B appropriately increase the content of effective neutral detergent fiber in the diet, and the content in dairy cows shall not be lower than 15%.
C. Rumen inoculation with lactic acid utilization bacteria-Macrococcus escherichia.
Add antibiotics-monensin and tylosin to the diet.
E. In order to prevent and treat gastric acidosis, malic acid can be added to high-precision diet to reduce the pH value in rumen and reduce chronic acidosis.
③ Treatment methods
A. Clean rumen
Exclude the acid-producing fermentations in the stomach, and repeatedly introduce gastric lavage with 1% sodium chloride solution or sodium bicarbonate solution until the pH of rumen fluid is neutral or alkaline. For those with dyspnea and premonition of asphyxia, 200 ml of 3% hydrogen peroxide and 2000 ml of 25% glucose solution should be slowly injected intravenously, and gastric lavage should be continued after injection. In severe cases, rumen incision should be performed immediately. Rumen contents should be removed first, and then high-quality hay and rumen contents of healthy cows should be washed and put in. After operation, healthy dairy cows were fed 3 ~ 5 liters of fresh rumen contents every day for 3 days.
B. Symptomatic treatment
In order to relieve acidosis, 5% sodium bicarbonate injection (1500 ~ 2000 ml) can be injected intravenously once, and in severe cases, 12 hours later 1 time. Stop injection when the urine pH reaches 6.6. To supplement water and electrolyte, 5% glucose sodium chloride solution or compound sodium chloride solution can be used for 2000 ~ 2500 ml, and the dosage can be slightly larger at the initial stage of onset. Antibiotics can be used to prevent secondary infection, such as gentamicin 654.38+0 million units, intravenous injection 1 time, twice a day for 3 ~ 5 days.
(5) Osteomalacia
① the cause of the disease
Disorder of phosphorus and calcium metabolism caused by phosphorus deficiency in adult cattle feed. Mainly due to long-term simple feeding of feed with more calcium than phosphorus, or feed with less calcium and phosphorus, the ratio of calcium to phosphorus is unbalanced. Due to the needs of fetal growth and the peak period of milk production, a large amount of calcium and phosphorus in pregnant cows are excreted with milk, which can make calcium and phosphorus relatively deficient in the body.
② Preventive measures
At ordinary times, feeding standard is used in the diet to ensure the content and proportion of calcium and phosphorus in the diet (generally, the ratio of calcium and phosphorus is 1.5 ~ 2: 1. Don't be less than1:1,or more than 2.5:1), exercise properly and get more sunshine.
③ Treatment methods
After the onset, it is necessary to improve feeding management, feed more green hay or phosphorus-rich feed, reduce protein or fat feed, exercise properly and get more sunshine. Drug treatment, mainly to supplement phosphorus, calcium and vitamin D, can take 250 grams of bone meal orally once a day for 5 ~ 7 days as a course of treatment; Sodium dihydrogen phosphate 80 ~ 120g, once a day, for 3 ~ 5 days; 20% sodium dihydrogen phosphate solution 300 ~ 500ml or 3% calcium hypophosphite solution 1000ml, once a day/kloc-0, for 3 ~ 5 days. Calcium hydrogen phosphate10 ~ 40g/time or calcium lactate10 ~ 30g/time, and cod liver oil 20 ~ 60ml/time, mixed with feed and fed 2 ~ 3 times a day. In severe cases, 200 ~ 600 ml 10% calcium gluconate or 100 ~ 250 ml 5% calcium chloride can be injected intravenously; Intramuscular injection of vitamin AD solution 5 ~ 10 ml, intramuscular injection or subcutaneous injection of vitamin D2 colloidal calcium solution 25000 ~ 100000 international units, 0 ~ 2 times a day.
(6) Rickets
① the cause of the disease
Vitamin D deficiency is a disorder of calcium and phosphorus metabolism caused by vitamin D deficiency in calves. Congenital rickets is often caused by vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus deficiency in dairy cows. Or acquired rickets is caused by vitamin D deficiency in feed, improper ratio of calcium and phosphorus, insufficient light and other factors.
② Preventive measures
Strengthen the feeding management of pregnant cows and lactating cows, and regularly supplement vitamin D and calcium; Calves should be fed with good green hay and grass; Timely treatment of gastrointestinal diseases and parasitic diseases in the body.
③ Treatment methods
After the onset, we should improve feeding management, give bone meal and feed rich in vitamin D, exercise properly and get more sunshine. Drug treatment is mainly to supplement vitamin D and calcium. Cod liver oil 10 ~ 15 ml can be taken orally, once a day, and the drug is stopped when diarrhea occurs. Or subcutaneous or intramuscular injection of vitamin D2 colloidal calcium solution 1 ~ 4 ml, daily 1 time; Or oral calcium lactate 5 ~ 10g, daily 1 time; 10% calcium chloride 5 ~ 10 ml or 10% calcium gluconate 10 ~ 20 ml, intravenous injection, once a day.
(7) pica
① the cause of the disease
It is a refractory metabolic disorder disease characterized by licking and biting foreign bodies that are usually not eaten due to environmental, nutritional, endocrine and genetic factors. The main reasons are: ① single feed. There is a shortage of minerals such as sodium, copper, cobalt, manganese, iron, iodine and phosphorus, especially sodium salt. ② The ratio of calcium to phosphorus is unbalanced. ③ Some vitamins are deficient. ④ Suffering from rickets, rickets, chronic dyspepsia, forestomach diseases and some parasitic diseases can all be the inducing factors of pica.
② Preventive measures
It is necessary to improve feeding management on the basis of etiological diagnosis. The complete compound feed should be fed according to the nutritional needs of animals at different growth stages. When pica occurs, the amount of minerals and trace elements should be appropriately increased; In addition, the feeding should be regular, quantitative and fixed, and the breeder should not be fed frozen and moldy feed. While feeding silage, add some green hay. At the same time, according to the environment of the cattle farm, reasonably arrange the density of cattle and do a good job in environmental sanitation. Epidemiological investigation of parasitic diseases, elimination from calf birth to old age, regular deworming to prevent parasite-induced addiction.
③ Treatment methods
The principle of treatment is to make up for what is missing. Secondary diseases should start with the treatment of primary diseases. Specific measures:
A. calcium deficiency and calcium supplement. Such as calcium hydrogen phosphate. Inject some drugs to promote calcium absorption, such as 1% vitamin D5 ~ 15 ml, vitamin Ad5 ~ 15 ml, or take cod liver oil 20 ~ 60 ml orally. Salt, baking soda and artificial salt are provided for those who lack alkali.
B for anemia and trace element deficiency, 0.005 ~ 0.04g of cobalt chloride and 0.07 ~ 0.3g of copper sulfate can be taken orally. When selenium is deficient, intramuscular injection of 0. 1% sodium selenite is 5 ~ 8 ml.
C. Adjust the central nervous system by intravenous injection of ambroxol 100 ml or procaine hydrochloride 0.5 ~1g. Add 0.5g hydrocortisone to 10% glucose for intravenous injection.
D adjustment of rumen environment: yeast 100 tablets, auxin 20g, pepsin 15 tablets, gentian foam 50g, malt powder 100 tablets, gypsum powder 40g, talcum powder 40g, calcium polysaccharide 40 tablets, vitamin B complex 20 tablets and artificial salt100 tablets can be used. 1 one dose per day for 5 days.
(8) Leukemia
① the cause of the disease
A disease caused by selenium and vitamin E deficiency. Characterized by degeneration and necrosis of skeletal muscle and myocardium. Calves (1 ~ 3 months old) are frequent and often regional. Selenium deficiency is mainly caused by cattle eating forage grass in selenium-deficient areas or not being able to absorb and utilize selenium-containing forage grass well and feeding in soil; Long-term housing feeding grass with low vitamin E content or long-term grazing in arid grassland caused vitamin E deficiency or deficiency; Eating leguminous plants or grazing in pastures where sulfur-containing fertilizers have been recently applied can also lead to vitamin E deficiency and muscle atrophy. In addition, the lack of sulfur-containing amino acids (cystine and methionine) and the stimulation of various stress factors can also be the factors that induce myopathy.
② Preventive measures
We should strengthen the feeding management of pregnant cows and calves at ordinary times, and feed more high-quality hay, bran and malt in winter. Two months before delivery, halogen powder 10g can be added daily. In myopathy endemic areas, pregnant cows were injected with vitamin E 200 ~ 250mg every two weeks after winter, and 0. 1% sodium selenite solution 10 ~ 15 ml every 20 days, for a total of three times. The same preventive method can also be used for calves, and the dose is halved.
③ Treatment methods
Commonly used 0.5% sodium selenite solution 8 ~ 65438±00ml, intramuscular injection, once every 20 days; Vitamin e injection 50 ~ 70 ml, intramuscular injection, once a day, for several days. At the same time, symptomatic treatment should be carried out.
(9) Vitamin A deficiency
① the cause of the disease
A nutritional metabolic disease caused by deficiency or deficiency of vitamin A and provitamin A (carotene) in feed.
② Preventive measures
Reasonably match the diet, strengthen the preservation of feed, and ensure that there is enough carotene content in feed; Pay attention to the prevention and treatment of liver diseases and gastrointestinal diseases; Pregnant cows should exercise properly and get more sunshine.
③ Treatment methods
Feed should be changed immediately, and feed more carotene-rich feed; Oral cod liver oil, 50 ~ 100 ml for adult cattle and 20 ~ 50 ml for calf, once a day, for several days. Or vitamin a injection, intramuscular injection of 50000 ~ 70000 international units once a day for 5 ~ 10 days. It can also be injected in large doses (500,000-700,000 international units). Give antibiotics and sulfonamides to prevent complicated infection; At the same time, symptomatic treatment should be taken, such as stomachic drugs for dyspepsia and anti-inflammatory and antidiarrheal drugs for diarrhea.