The reason why public opera is passed down from mouth to mouth is that people are eager for people who are not afraid of power, honest and clean to be masters of the country and safeguard social fairness and justice.
The most famous judge in the history of China was Bao Zheng in the Song Dynasty. Almost everyone in this country knows Bao Gong.
Bao's fame has much to do with China's traditional drama. In modern novels, Bao Gong did not become the protagonist. However, Bao Gong's story is a very important theme in China's traditional operas. In all dramas related to cases and laws, the protagonist is Bao Gong.
What are the images of Bao Zheng and historical figures in Bao Gong's plays? The truth is, it doesn't matter.
Bao Zheng in history
Bao Zheng is from Hefei, Luzhou. Different from the legend, he has a very successful family and grew up under the care of his parents. His father Bao Lingyi, the word Su Zhi. Jidi, a scholar of three dynasties, wrote to imperial academy and went out to Beijing as a handsome soldier and bodyguard. After his death, the court made him an assistant minister of punishments. Today's Bao Zheng comes from a family of bureau-level cadres.
Bao Zheng was educated by Confucianism since childhood and embarked on the road of imperial examination. Song Renzong flourished for five years, and 29-year-old Bao Zheng finally won the Jinshi. The court has appointed him as Jianchang county magistrate, but he resigned on the grounds that his parents are old and there is no one to look after them at home. There is no record in history that he has a brother. Judging from his unwillingness to be an official after he was admitted, there are no other brothers in the family who can serve his adoptive parents. He should be an only child.
Bao Zheng stayed at home for 10 years until his parents died of illness and mourned for three years. With the encouragement of the villagers, he accepted the appointment of the court and became the magistrate of Tianchang County. This year is four years of Injong. He is a 39-year-old middle-aged man.
Bao Zheng's official career has been very smooth, except for one time when he was demoted for losing his official position, and Bao Zheng's rank has been rising. He worked as a local official for 10 years, then transferred to the court supervision system for 3 years, presided over the remonstrance court and acted as its agent. During this experience, Bao Zheng established his reputation of hating evil. Many court officials were impeached, including the then prime minister Song Nan, his younger brother Song Qi Song Nan, and the famous minister Zhang et al.
In the second year of Jian 'an for four years, Song Renzong decided to appoint his favorite uncle in Zhang Guifei, Gala, Zuo Wei, Xuanhui South Courtyard Ambassador, Huai Kang Jun Ambassador, Jingling Palace Ambassador and Tongtuan Ambassador. The other three positions are of little significance. The Xuan Hui ambassador originated in the Tang Dynasty and presided over court meetings. In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, the envoys of Xuan Hui were often used as envoys of the Tang Dynasty to direct the military. In the Renzong dynasty, this official position had no practical significance, but in court etiquette, it was second only to the prime minister and the Tang Dynasty. At that time, Bao Zheng presided over the remonstrance court and led the remonstrance officer to remonstrate, thinking that according to the practice of the Song Dynasty, the relatives of empresses were not allowed to serve as prime ministers and military posts. The emperor was too partial to the imperial concubine this time, and the prime minister failed to stop it in time. Repeated hundreds of words, Bao Zheng himself was fierce and spat at Emperor Injong until the emperor mistook him.
In December of the third year of the lunar calendar, Bao Zheng was appointed as Zhikai House, and Jia was dismissed in June of the third year. Actually, Bao Zheng has been in Kaifeng for 18 months. As soon as they got to court, the clerks wanted to test Bao Zheng. They get together and report things in official documents. Bao Zheng listened to t.
Later, Bao Zheng was mainly an official in the financial system, served as a transshipment ambassador for four times, and was finally appointed as the third envoy. This official post, created in the Northern Song Dynasty, is in charge of financial auditing, ranking second only to governance.
Bao Zheng's final outcome is to enter the ruling ranks. 1060, Song Renzong appointed Bao Zheng as the deputy envoy of the Tang Dynasty, and Bao Zheng officially entered the decision-making team of the imperial court. At this time, however, Bao Zheng began to have problems. He basically failed to reach a parliamentary agreement and died more than a year later.
Bao Zheng's personal family life is also very dull. His wife Dong Shi comes from an official family. Bao Jian, the eldest son, was a Tanzhou general and died in office. Bao lost his son in middle age and was heartbroken. Baojian is married and has no children. Cui Shi, his wife, insisted on becoming Bao Zheng's family despite Bao Zheng's persuasion and his mother's threats and inducements. After Bao Zheng's death, Cui Shi heard that Aunt Cui Shi, who was kicked out of the house by Bao Zheng in Bao Zheng, gave birth to a son when she returned home. Cui Shi took the child back to Bao Zheng, and named the child Wanbao according to the descendants of Bao Zheng.
The lofty image of a judge
In the long history of China, there have been many famous judges who, under the coercion of powerful people and even the emperor, still enforce the law like a mountain and safeguard the dignity of the law. There are also many judges who are good at trying difficult cases and achieving fairness and justice. Today, investigating suspicious cases is the function of criminal investigation department and public prosecution department, but it is typical of many famous judges in ancient times. Insightful plaques are often hung in the lobby of local government offices, which clearly shows their duty to find crimes. The judge's evaluation ability highlights the ability to solve crimes. For example, of the 66 cases compiled by the Five Dynasties and Yining Prison, three quarters are crime-solving stories. Zheng Ke, a native of the Southern Song Dynasty, compiled 375 cases from 0755 to 79000, and the proportion of cases solved was also very high.
Taking these three standards to measure Bao Zheng, Bao Zheng is not a famous judge in Historical Records at all.
As far as the first item is concerned, there are famous justices in history, such as Zhang Shizhi in the Western Han Dynasty, Zhao Chu in the Sui Dynasty, Dai Zhou and Xu Yougong in the Tang Dynasty. Who dares to oppose this case? It is strongly recommended that the emperor obey the law. In historical records, there has never been such a case in Bao Zheng. The aforementioned case of Bao Zheng exhorting Injong to give up the appointment of Zhang Yaozuo does not belong to the dispute between law enforcement and trial.
As far as trying difficult cases is concerned, there are no famous cases in Bao Zheng. The only person who can participate in the trial is to coldly call the prince an inspector. In the second year of Huang You in the Northern Song Dynasty, there was a young man named Lengleng in Kaifeng, who claimed to be the Prince. Wang, the abandoned mother, was released from the court as a maid of honor. But after marriage, the husband gave birth to a daughter, and later gave birth to Leng Leng, so it can be completely ruled out that Leng Leng has any blood relationship with the royal family. When he grew up, he didn't work abnormally. I heard that Song Renzong couldn't get a son for a long time, and he conspired with Gao Qi to install the Prince in Beijing. When Lengleng was arrested in Kaifeng, Gao Ji 'an instructed him to play dumb and then escaped by luck. Report and Bao Zheng, request to wait, immediately will be high cut. This case involves the royal family, but it is not difficult.
In folklore, Bao Zheng, who is extremely clever and good at solving crimes, actually has only three records of solving crimes in reliable literature records.
The first case is "Cattle Cutting Case", which was written by Zheng Ke in the Southern Song Dynasty during the period of returning to the motherland. Bao Zheng took office at the beginning, as a magistrate. There was a farmer in this county who spent the holidays with his neighbor and secretly cut off his neighbor's tongue cow at night. When the owner of ca
The second situation is similar, which is recorded in the epitaph of Bao Zheng written by Wu Kui, a native of the Northern Song Dynasty. There are two friends drinking together in Kaifeng. One of them brought a few taels of gold. He is afraid that he will lose control when he is drunk. Before drinking, he gave the gold to each other and took it for himself. But when he finished drinking and went to meet his friends. The next day he went to S's house to get the gold back, but his drinking buddy refused. The man was helpless and came to Kaifeng to complain. After listening to the statements of both sides, Bao Zheng secretly sent someone to the defendant's house and told him that your wife and husband have admitted that he kept the gold for his friend yesterday and now he wants you to hand it over. The wife believed it and handed it to her. The defendant had to plead guilty when he showed the court the gold sent back by Bao Zheng.
The third case, recorded in the Biography of Bao Zheng in the Song Dynasty, was that Bao Gong was calculated by his staff. A rich man who commits a crime will be punished by whipping the sinner on his back with a stick. The rich man gave the librarian a large sum of money. The official said that Bao Gong could ask me not to defend this case, so I. I will accompany you to be beaten. The next day, the rich man kept crying in class, and the recorder sat in Bao Gong to record his confession. Suddenly, he pretended to be angry and shouted, man, man, why are you so worthless? What's the big deal? Bao was furious when he heard the news, so he immediately asked the servant to drag the bookkeeper down and spanked him seventeen times. Looking back at the rich man, if he really punished his backpack, he was punished just right by the bookkeeper, which would be detrimental to the face of the chief executive. So Bao Zheng was given a light sentence. He was also a crotch stick. Unexpectedly, this happened to be guessed by bibliophiles, and the purpose of reducing punishment for the rich was realized.
In the eyes of officials and scholars in Song Dynasty, Bao Gong was not a famous judge. For example, the book Meng Qian Bi Tan written by Zheng Ke in the Southern Song Dynasty contains 207 case-solving stories of 156 judges in the Song Dynasty, and Bao Zheng's case-solving story includes the two cases mentioned above, namely, the case of breaking an ox, in which his tongue is calculated with wisdom and scepter. In Song Dynasty, as many as 35 judges solved cases twice like Bao Zheng, and 7 judges solved cases more than three times, among which 7 cases of Judge Zhang X were selected.
Therefore, Judge Bao Gong's reputation is not a historical fact, but the result of continuous shaping and upgrading in folklore and literary works.
Lucky Bao gong
So, where did Bao Gong's luck come from? Can only be attributed to luck or luck?
Bao Zheng's story is legendary, firstly because of political factors. Bao Zheng lived in the most stable Song Renzong era in the history of the Northern Song Dynasty and was remembered as a prosperous time by later generations. Bao Zheng benefited from people's memory of this era and became a symbol of this era.
It is far from a legend that a person is remembered. To be a legend, there must also be a legendary catalytic environment. Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, is the capital of a rare commercial city in history. Since the Tang Dynasty, with the development of the southern economy, the capital city of Bianliang, which was located on the main road of the north-south traffic line at that time, quickly became a commercial city, and Liang, Jin, Han and Zhou all established their capitals here. The Northern Song Dynasty continued its prosperity for more than 200 years. This city with a population of millions has a prosperous civic culture.
Commercial cities have a large number of citizens living together and spending their leisure time, which makes them fertile ground for rap art. The most attractive story in rap art is the famous modern figures. However, most Kaifeng officials are perfunctory and muddled, which reflects Bao Gong's boldness, impenetrability and tenacity. In this way, Bao Gong became the protagonist of the story of rap art, which was handed down from generation to generation by folk artists and constantly processed.
After the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty, as a memorial to the prosperity of the Northern Song Dynasty,
After the Northern Song Dynasty, the story of Bao Zheng, as a folk memory of the Han Dynasty and a criticism of the real politics, further expanded its influence among the people in the northern areas ruled by the minority dynasties for a long time. In particular, the Han scholar-officials were unable to obtain their original political rights during the reign of the minority dynasty. Many Han literati turned to criticize the minority dynasties, and through the artistic processing of Bao Gong's folk rap stories, they formed a unique Bao Gong drama.
The Yuan Dynasty is a period of great development of Chinese drama art. There are about six or seven hundred kinds of dramas in the Yuan Dynasty, and there are 162 scripts that have been preserved so far. Among them, Bao Gong's drama is breaking the prison mirror, recording the contract word, which appears in Bao Long's plan to judge injustice. Bao Long's plan is to cook Chen Zhou's meal, and Bao Long's plan is to earn the contract word, 0755-7900. God slaves make a scene and wait for the system to do three surveys of butterfly dreams. It is the most famous personal story drama in Yuan Zaju.
Bao Gong's plays in Ming Dynasty were not as prosperous as those in Yuan Dynasty. There are eight kinds that can be seen clearly now. Handwriting preserved to this day includes Lu Zhailang, Bao Zhi Kan Hou Hua, Bao Kan Hui Lan Ji, Yuan Jie Ji, 0755 and so on.
Bao Gong has nine plays, and there are three existing plays: Playing the Pot Ghost, Waiting for Wisdom to Make a Living, and Killing His Wife.
In the early years of the Republic of China, Bao Gong's dramas broke out and a large number of Bao Gong's dramas appeared. Up to now, there are still dozens of American dramas staged in various local operas, including Rouge Kou, Yuan's Rebirth, Fu Tao, Gao Wenju's Pearl, Guanyin's Fish Basket and Gan's Double Nail Case 0755.
Evolution characteristics of baoxi
The spread and story evolution of Bao Opera have very distinctive characteristics, which generally include the following three aspects.
First of all, the inheritance of the drama story itself is not strong. Among Bao Gong's 1 1 plays in the Yuan Dynasty, only Scarab Fishing Department was adapted and performed in modern times. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, only Zheng Zhaoyang's plays spread to the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. In other words, every generation of drama in Bao Gong America is not based on the previous generation. Literati disdain repeated adaptation, and opera creation has a strong grassroots nature. It is difficult for illiterate actors and actresses to directly perform dramas written by literati with quaint lyrics. As a matter of fact, Bao Gong's American dramas are usually based on the contemporary folk rap art, and the dramas in the late Qing Dynasty are mostly from the novel Qin Xianglian adapted from folk storytelling, and the stories are mostly from Wu Bi Ji compiled by An Yu in the Ming Dynasty (published by Zhu Renzhai and Geng Tang). But the direct source of the novel is the rap novel Bao Mian in Ming Dynasty. Therefore, it can be said that the origin of Bao Gong lies in the art of rap.
Secondly, Bao Gong's image is getting bigger and bigger, from deification to sanctification. In Yuan Zaju, it is rare for Bao Gong to go in and out of Yin and Yang directly. In addition, Bao Gong always quoted the authority of the emperor or agreed or recognized Bao Gong's judgment when trying cases. However, in Bao Gong's drama in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, Bao Gong was able to shuttle freely between Yin and Yang, and even sentenced the judge who played games in the gate of hell to death. Especially for the plays performed after 1949, Bao Gong's power to enforce the law in the United States is unlimited. Even if he executed his relatives and relatives, he didn't have to report to the emperor for approval. Bao Gong has become the embodiment of sacred law. This process from deification to sanctification reflects the development of social concepts.
Third, the plot of reasoning and solving crimes in drama stories is getting weaker and weaker. In Baogong, there are few stories of reasoning and solving crimes. By the end of the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, Bao Gong's American dramas were basically emotional dramas. Although in the original rap art and novels adapted from rap art, the plot of reasoning to solve the case accounted for a considerable proportion, but when it was adapted into a drama, Bao Gong's case-solving became very simple. It will be impossible for him to judge right or wrong directly without any reasoning process. The author of the play basically cut out the crime-solving plot in the original story, which should be the result of China's drama catching up with the awesome figures at that time. During the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, the performance venues of traditional Chinese operas were often noisy, and the audience did not deliberately create an environment to go deep into the plot, and the plot was loosely promoted, which was not suitable for reasoning and solving cases. What the audience needs is a result that can release emotions and get satisfaction. Whether the result is reasonable or not is not important.
The author is a professor at Fudan University, a doctoral supervisor, and one of the lecturers of CCTV Law Lecture Hall.