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According to the report of China Youth Daily, "They are the most vulnerable people in China at present", Hetang Town, Lianyuan City, Hunan Province suffered a catastrophic flood, and 12 children died, including "left-behind children"1person. The data shows that the detection rate of psychological problems of left-behind children is as high as 57. 14%. The longer the parents work, the more serious the psychological problems of children. Although they seem to have nothing to do with our living in the countryside, who can ignore their existence and future impact on society? Left-behind children are not just a group of people who lack parental care. They are orphans of this era, and their growth is closely related to the future of China.
Left-behind children are a group of "institutional orphans" whose urban-rural dual system has been loosened for a long time. On the one hand, their parents go to cities to work hard to earn money and strive for or obtain another way of life; On the other hand, they can't take their children into the city and stay with them, because they are in the city, or because they are hard to protect themselves, or because they have no place to stand. At the same time, in order to live or survive, they can't easily leave their jobs and cities. It is in this double contradiction that they can't bring it out or go back. Although left-behind children have parents, they still have to accept the reality of "separation of flesh and blood".
Orphans in this era have been adopted or fostered for a long time, and lack of parental love can easily lead to mental defects. Children are the future and hope, because of the doting of the elderly, or because relatives and friends lack correct value guidance. China cannot ignore their existence. They are related to the whole rural education and social progress. Lu Xun once called for "saving children", and now it is time to "save" left-behind children.
Basic situation of left-behind children in Henan Province
During the summer vacation, a questionnaire survey was conducted among 1000 rural left-behind children (6- 14 years old) in Henan province 18 area. As we all know, Henan is the most populous province in China, and it is also a big agricultural province. With the development of society, Henan has gradually become the largest labor export province. The population engaged in agriculture in the province is about 35 million, and the number of people who have gone out to work for more than half a year has reached 6.5438+0.557 million, thus making the per capita income of Henan an important way for Henan people to get rid of poverty and become rich. At the same time, limited by objective conditions such as household registration, economy and place of residence, most of their children receive education in their hometown, or live in "single-parent families" raised by one parent or grandparents, relatives and friends. Some children even stay at home alone, thus forming a huge team of "left-behind children". According to incomplete statistics, at present, there are 2,427,500 left-behind children under the age of 14 in rural areas of Henan Province, accounting for 10% of the total number of left-behind children in China.
The following data are obtained from our investigation, hoping to provide some reference for our decision makers:
23.9% people seldom contact their parents.
79.3% people think that a happy family should be with their parents.
Miss parents very much, 65.0%
8.4% people will refute each other when they are criticized for doing something wrong.
65,438+02.3% students are involved in cliques and fights.
17.5% basically have no friends at school.
40.0% are afraid of strangers.
45.5% solved the problem by themselves.
43.5% live with grandparents.
52.7% felt normal.
Listening to the teacher's words in study, 25.3% study hard.
49.6438+0% feel that people around them don't care much about themselves.
Always afraid of being bullied by people around you, 34.7%
1 1.9% feel that society is unfair and there is no hope.
From the above statistics, we can see that a considerable number of left-behind children are eager for their parents' care and hope to have more spiritual exchanges with their parents. Some people feel discriminated, lonely and pessimistic because their parents are not at home. However, statistics show that the detection rate of psychological problems of left-behind children is as high as 57. 14%, so it is urgent to solve the psychological problems of left-behind children in rural areas!
Mental health problems, causes and social problems of left-behind children.
The mental health problem of left-behind children is becoming a serious social problem. Lack of affection, family education, school safety and family supervision are the main reasons for the mental health problems of left-behind children, and the joint efforts of the government, families and schools are the main measures to solve the problems.
The group of left-behind children in rural areas is a subsidiary product of the transfer of a large number of rural surplus labor forces to cities in China. Due to the existence of objective factors such as the low level of rural economic development and imperfect social security in China, coupled with the long-term lack of parental care and effective education, guidance and management, left-behind children often have psychological discomfort, which in turn will lead to psychological abnormalities, showing different degrees of behavioral anomie and deviance, resulting in a certain "left-behind child syndrome."
There are 23 million left-behind children in China, and their mental health has become a social problem that cannot be ignored. A survey shows that mental health problems are the most common problems of left-behind children, which are hidden, difficult to find but far-reaching. The main performance is as follows:
First, the personality is weak and introverted. Left-behind children leave their parents at a young age, and their parents are seriously lacking in care. Although some of them are supervised by grandparents or relatives and friends, they are different from their parents. When they encounter some troubles, they will feel powerless and helpless, and over time they will become unwilling to communicate with others and introverted. The survey shows that 2 1. 1% parents of floating population contact their children once a week, and 34. 1% parents contact their children once a month or rarely. Many parents go home for more than half a year, and some even stay home for several years. This long-term separation of parents leads to children's inferiority complex and serious rebellious psychology.
Second, inferiority complex. Most children have a competitive mentality and a strong sense of pride. Without their parents, they seem to have lost their strong dependence and protection. Therefore, compared with children with their parents, they are prone to psychological barriers of inferiority, and some even give up on themselves, lose confidence and make no progress in their studies. According to the survey, only 15% children can study consciously, and most children need to study under supervision. There are still many children who are addicted to the internet, neglect their studies, and live in society without end of compulsory education.
Third, loneliness and boredom. Parents' going out makes children feel empty and lonely at home, which in turn leads to psychological turmoil and depression. A girl in Grade Three wrote in her diary: "Mom, do you know? Since you left with your father and brother, I am so lonely and sad at home alone. I hardly laughed after you left, and I miss our time together. " This lonely psychology will inevitably lead to spiritual emptiness, and then lead to excessive behavior.
Fourth, blind resistance and rebellious psychology. Left-behind children always feel that others will bully them for lack of protection, take trivial matters seriously, and are full of vigilance and even hostility when communicating with others. There is a strong rebellious attitude towards the discipline of teachers and temporary guardians. The survey shows that 54% of left-behind children have conflicts with temporary guardians, among which 15% often have conflicts. 53% left-behind children said they felt helpless when they encountered difficulties in their studies. 39% of left-behind children said they had been bullied by their classmates.
5. I hate my parents. A few children don't understand their parents, think that their families are poor and their parents are incapable, so they go out to work, which leads to resentment. Some children alienate their parents after their parents return to China, resulting in emotional estrangement from their parents, and even resent their ruthlessness.
As for children's psychological problems, the younger they are, the more prominent they are, and girls are more prominent than boys. So what causes the psychological problems of left-behind children?
First of all, the "blind zone" of guardianship. The survey shows that the family education of left-behind children accounts for 43.5%. Because the age gap between grandparents and grandchildren is generally around 50 years old, and grandparents are mostly illiterate or semi-illiterate, their ideas are far from their grandchildren, so it is difficult to communicate with them. Some of them have to do farm work to make a living and have no time to take care of their children. Some of them are sick and can't take care of their children. Some of them have no energy to take care of their children at the same time and lack scientific family education knowledge. The intergenerational education is obviously insufficient. About 4.7% left-behind children entrust their children to relatives and friends such as aunts, uncles or friends for guardianship. Main features: guardians usually put children's safety first, followed by academic performance and material satisfaction, and pay less attention to children's behavioral habits and psychological and spiritual needs. Usually relatives and friends also have children. Because of unfair treatment, left-behind children often feel inferior because they are "outsiders". Some of them go to boarding schools, and older children belong to the type of self-management. According to the survey statistics, this type accounts for about 2.3%. In general, children are about 14 years old, and most of them are junior high school students. Main features: Parents feel that they owe too much to their children for a long time, so they try their best to meet their children's economic and material needs and pay less attention to their other needs. Because these left-behind children are in the initial stage of adolescence, they are easily influenced by the outside world and have many problems. The rest are raised by one parent at home. According to the survey, the single-parent guardianship type accounts for 49.5%. Main features: imperfect care, lack of fatherly love or maternal love, leading to the lack of fatherly love or maternal love education. For example, children whose fathers go out show timidity and lack self-confidence; Children whose mothers go out show carelessness, lack of friendliness, etc. Left-behind children are at the age of care and supervision, and problems will inevitably arise without supervision.
Secondly, there are "misunderstandings" in family and school education. Parents feel guilty because they can't take care of their children for a long time, and most of them adopt the way of "material (money)+laissez-faire" to compensate. Occasionally, most of them only ask about their children's study, but pay little attention to their moral and legal education, which leads to their idleness and extravagance, resulting in the idea of "money worship". According to the survey, some left-behind children are tired of learning, lack initiative and hard-working spirit, do not strive for progress, and generally have poor grades. Due to the particularity of guardians, as long as children don't make big mistakes, guardians generally don't ask about their behavior, so they lack timely and effective restraint and discipline, which leads to some left-behind children's lax discipline, bad moral conduct at school, non-compliance with rules and regulations, lateness, truancy, infatuation with "Internet cafes", and even mixing with some people with bad hobbies in society, and schools can do nothing about supervision. [1] At the same time, because most rural schools are influenced by the traditional education model in China, they have not seriously carried out mental health education for students. Over time, we have to worry about their future.
Third, there is a "minefield" in the social environment. It is very important to strengthen safety protection for children with poor adaptability to the environment and weak self-control. Because there is a "vacuum" in the connection between school and family safety education, schools can't be meticulous, and guardians generally lack the awareness and ability of safety protection, which gives criminals an opportunity, so that left-behind children are injured or injured from time to time. Throughout the country, accidents such as drowning, electric shock and fighting of left-behind children are common, and even vicious cases of being trafficked and violated are often seen in newspapers.
Family relationship has a direct and important influence on children's behavior habits, mental health, personality and intellectual development. Due to the lack of parents, left-behind children often feel anxious, nervous, insecure and have poor interpersonal skills. Separated from their parents for a long time, their characters often become introverted, inferior, pessimistic and withdrawn. The survey shows that guardians are less involved in the mental health problems of left-behind children and pay insufficient attention to them. Left-behind children often can't get rid of their emotions in time when they encounter problems because of their psychological distance from their guardians, which often leads to abnormal psychology such as emotional fragility, self-abandonment, anxiety and autism, lack of self-confidence and pessimism.
The psychological problems of left-behind children can easily lead to their behavior anomie, lead to illegal and criminal behaviors, and affect social security and stability. According to the investigation by the Ministry of Public Security, the two "most" cases in which minors were violated and committed crimes by themselves mostly occurred in rural areas, and most of them were left-behind children. The survey also shows that 80% of left-behind children in rural areas have mild or severe psychological disorders. A recent survey released by China Institute of Social Studies in Beijing also showed that more than half of parents obviously felt that their children had become silent and withdrawn after staying behind. 30% parents know that their children have made bad friends and often make trouble. According to a survey conducted by Hubei Huazhong Normal University, 90% of teachers believe that there are serious problems in the study and life of left-behind children in rural areas. Parents are not around, it is difficult to find the innocence and liveliness that children of this age should have from their eyes that lack fatherly love. They are generally precocious, but they are always eager for irreplaceable caress from their parents. [2]
Rural children are also future builders of our motherland. If the monitoring of children is in a vacuum or semi-vacuum state, the warmth and education of the family will be lost, and the consequences will be unimaginable. Due to the "fault" in the trinity education chain of parents, schools and society, left-behind children in rural areas are prone to life loss, academic loss, behavior out of control, moral anomie, psychological imbalance and other phenomena, forming a certain degree of anti-social personality.
We learned from the investigation that a boy, 15 years old, was remarried by his young mother, and his father lived with him and his sister. Forced to make a living, my father went out to work, leaving my sister and monk to be taken care of by my grandmother. The special growth environment made him drop out of school early before he graduated from primary school and began to work in a steamed bread factory. Three fingers of one hand were accidentally broken by the machine. Physical disability made him withdrawn and unwilling to associate with other children. What makes us sad is not only that, but his moral concept is very weak: after leaving the steamed bread factory, he went to a small family factory as a waiter. Once, his grandmother was uneasy to visit him and leaked his name to everyone. He denounced his grandmother as an "immortal old woman" and said other nasty things. After grandma left, he was still swearing, as if grandma had committed an unforgivable crime Some people around sighed and some laughed. What should we do, how should we feel, what should we do? Who is responsible for his miserable life?
Through investigation, it is found that few left-behind children are fully developed. Their academic performance and moral development are not satisfactory. The academic performance of left-behind children is generally worse than that of non-left-behind children. Most of the "double poor students" are left-behind children, which is a heart disease for schools and teachers. Without the careful supervision of parents, the class teacher can't cover everything, and a considerable number of left-behind students lack consciousness in learning, have no choice in making friends, like to join groups and like to fight; Spending money lavishly, not knowing how to be frugal; Without the ability to distinguish right from wrong, they mix with social youth, participate in theft, are obsessed with surfing the Internet, and some even fall in love.
I once saw a report that a 13 girl gave birth to a baby in an internet cafe. What a ridiculous fact it is that children have children! Due to the lack of supervision, left-behind children face more security risks and external interference. Most left-behind children are timid and withdrawn, and the "gangsters" in society often take them as prey. Some wait for opportunities to extort money (mostly drug addicts), some instigate or even force them to make trouble, and some social youths sexually harass left-behind girls. The sexual assault occurred on the left-behind girls.
Left-behind children's legal concept is weak and their moral quality is worrying. Due to the lack of parents' legal guardianship duties, lax supervision of temporary guardians and lack of necessary educational guidance, the unhealthy atmosphere in society has had a negative impact on left-behind children. Some left-behind children's outlook on life and values deviated from the right direction. Many left-behind children cheat and lie, gang up to bully their classmates, and some left-behind children commit petty theft, fighting and extortion. According to the survey data, 38.09% of the left-behind children in compulsory education performed well, 43.97% performed well, 14.95% violated the discipline, and 0. 15% violated the law. According to the statistics of the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League, there are about 23 million left-behind children in China, accounting for 20% of rural children in China, and this proportion will be higher in Sichuan, Chongqing, Anhui and Henan, reaching 50% or even 70%. [3] Then at least 34,500 left-behind children will commit illegal acts. It is self-evident that these left-behind children will do harm to society when they grow up.
The Party Central Committee is vigorously calling for the construction of new countryside, so many left-behind children are extremely unfavorable to the construction of new countryside and harmonious and stable social environment in China. They need the care and help of the whole society. Happily, with the convening of the two sessions this year, the problem of left-behind children has attracted more and more attention from delegates.
People's Daily Online, Beijing, March 2-Reporter Zhao Ying reported: "the State Council supports the All-China Women's Federation and sets up a special working group for left-behind children in rural areas in conjunction with the central 14 department, focusing on the situation of left-behind children in rural areas ..." This shows that the work for left-behind children in rural areas is managed, and as long as there are any difficulties, the work can be done well and guaranteed to be implemented.
There are about 23 million left-behind children in rural areas in China, and their problems in life, psychology, personal safety and growth education have attracted increasing social attention. As Gu Xiulian, vice chairman of the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) and chairman of the All-China Women's Federation, thinks, to establish a long-term protection mechanism for left-behind children, the state should do six things well:
The first task is to strengthen investigation and study. First of all, we should know what problems exist in the growth and development of left-behind children in time and find out the reasons. According to our understanding, this paper analyzes the reasons for the existence of left-behind children and explores solutions.
The second task is to formulate relevant policies. Left-behind children in rural areas because with the development of our industry and the process of urbanization, many floating population are urban problems, so there are left-behind children. I think this is a long-standing social problem, which should be solved from the aspects of legal policy and mechanism system.
The third task is to improve the working mechanism. The working mechanism is to form a party Committee and government to strengthen leadership, and all departments should take care of it, and then ensure that the work of left-behind children in rural areas is taken care of. I am confident that any work in our country can be done well as long as someone is in charge, and it must be implemented.
The fourth task is to expand social propaganda, give full play to the role of mainstream media and various propaganda media positions, and let them publicize the principles, policies and legal measures to protect children. In addition, we should publicize our good experience and good methods in solving left-behind children. At the same time, we should also praise the left-behind children and the advanced elements in their advanced families and mobilize them with their experiences and practices. Only in this way can we mobilize the whole society to pay attention to the left-behind children in our countryside and do their things well. I think this problem can be solved.
The fifth task is to mobilize the support of the whole society. Now we should play the role of caring for the next generation of "five seniors", and play the role of volunteers, old rural party member, excellent teachers and village cadres. Besides, we are now working in the city. We have dealt with the supervision system of "surrogate mother" and "surrogate father". At the same time, we also educate grandma and grandpa about modern children's knowledge, so that they can play a better role.
The sixth task is to safeguard rights and interests according to law. It is to further strengthen law enforcement, strengthen law enforcement, severely crack down on violations against children and bring crimes to justice.
Gu Xiulian said that in fact, all fronts are now working to solve the problem of left-behind children. Recently, a joint meeting system for migrant workers has been established in the State Council, and there is a unified plan for the problems of rural children. Now all departments except the Central Committee and the State Council are paying attention. For example, the public security department has also issued a notice to protect the rights of minors and crack down on crimes against minors. The Ministry of Education must take the minor education and enrollment of left-behind children as an important issue. The All-China Women's Federation launched the education guidance centers for parents, schools and families from top to bottom, as well as the care work for left-behind children in rural areas. For example, in April, the Women's Federation wrote a question about how to deal with left-behind children after investigation and research. They launched an action to care for left-behind children, benefiting 390,000 left-behind children in 2,409 townships. Now it is being done all over the country, such as Jiangsu and Fujian. They have brought the left-behind children into boarding schools, ……, and solved them together.
The establishment of mental health education model for left-behind students and the solution of problems
Through this survey, we found that some left-behind children have great psychological problems. Many of their parents have been working outside for many years, so they have little chance to communicate with their children and don't know what their children are thinking. Therefore, it is necessary for parents to see their children's psychological problems, and let them know what impact their absence has on their children's psychology and what the consequences are, so as to truly understand their psychological thoughts and wake up from the misunderstanding of desperately trying to earn money and pave the way for their success. Therefore, it is necessary to guide the parents of left-behind children, let them live with their children as much as possible, and give them the most appropriate help and guidance. For children, parents work outside the home for a long time, which is the initial stage of their values. In such a growing environment, some children will become strong, but others will form personality characteristics such as autism and unwillingness to communicate with others. Therefore, schools and families should cultivate their self-reliance, so that they will not flinch in the face of difficulties and setbacks. The absence of parents is a test, and schools can use it to cultivate children's self-reliance ability in life and let children understand their parents' hard work.
According to our investigation, some migrant workers have tried to take their children to school, but the threshold of good schools in big cities is too high, and the teaching conditions in schools for migrant workers' children are not as good as those in their hometown. In addition, the state now implements compulsory education in rural areas all over the country, and the fees are free. Most people choose to let their children study in their hometown. We believe that this phenomenon can be solved from the following aspects: First, lower the threshold of urban schools, so that the children of migrant workers can enjoy equal opportunities to go to school with urban children. Second, increase investment in migrant workers' schools, improve software and hardware construction, and improve teaching quality. Third, encourage social investment in the construction of such schools for children of migrant workers, so that more children of migrant workers have the opportunity to study and live under the care of their parents. Fourth, develop rural boarding schools, let those left-behind children who have no guarantee of study and life attend boarding schools, give them more care and make up for their lack of family education.
The problem of left-behind children involves a wide range and has far-reaching influence, so it is equally important to solve it. It is also a measure to solve the worries of migrant workers and ensure their peace of mind to go out to work. Therefore, we should not just stay at the appeal level, but should solve it from the aspects of education management system, policies and regulations. Society, schools and families work together to promote their mental health development.
Therefore, based on the above analysis of the causes of left-behind children's mental health problems and our understanding of the psychological status of left-behind children, in order to better enable those left-behind children to grow up healthily and happily, we propose to establish a mental health education model for left-behind students.
(a) Family chapter
1, choose carefully. Parents should think twice about going out to work and think more about their children. Children's future is more important than money. If the family economy is really difficult, let the party with a higher education level stay at home to monitor the children. Generally, mothers are the main ones. Mothers are cautious and patient, and children are more willing to communicate with them. Both parents go out to work, and if conditions permit, they can receive compulsory education at the place where they work.
2. Regular "warm conversations". Parents who work outside the home must keep abreast of their children's situation. On the one hand, they communicate with their children regularly through letters or telephone calls, so that children can feel the care of their parents and the warmth of their families. On the other hand, they can tell teachers and temporary guardians about their children's study and life.
3. Find an "agent". If the family economy is really difficult, both parents need to go out to work, and grandparents are unable to look after their children, parents can find a "surrogate mother" for their children among relatives and friends. "
Being a mother can not only help children learn, but also cultivate their good behavior habits and educate their children in ideological and moral education.
(2) School supplies
1, implement the census registration of left-behind students. When students report for duty in the new semester, all primary and secondary schools will register their parents' going out and family members one by one, and establish a file of "left-behind children". Record the personal situation of "left-behind children" and the situation of guardians and temporary guardians, accurately grasp the personal information of left-behind children, and lay the foundation for targeted education management.
2. Give full play to the main position of school education. Popularize the system of teacher-student pairing assistance or left-behind students pairing assistance in primary and secondary schools, and establish "left-behind Children's Home" to let left-behind children feel the warmth of their families. Establish and improve the system of teachers' home visits and left-behind children's heart-to-heart talks. Hold seminars regularly to help teachers, left-behind children and temporary guardians guide the healthy growth of left-behind children. Set up a home phone number to let the parents of left-behind children know the phone numbers of teachers such as principals and class teachers, and strengthen the contact and communication between schools, parents and children.
3. Create a healthy and progressive campus cultural atmosphere. Actively carry out various educational activities, cultivate students' civilized habits in an orderly manner, widely organize students to participate in social practice activities, introduce local culture into the classroom, and form a campus cultural atmosphere with local characteristics. Establish and implement a comprehensive quality evaluation system for primary and secondary school students, turn the evaluation process into an educational guidance process, restrain students, realize the transformation from discipline to self-discipline, and create a relaxed and harmonious learning environment for left-behind children. In the activities organized by the school, leave more opportunities for left-behind students, help them get rid of the psychological barriers of autism, help them correct bad behavior habits, and establish a correct outlook on life and values.
4. Carry out psychological counseling activities. Attach importance to mental health education courses and establish psychological consultation stations. In particular, the class teacher should find out the children's psychological problems in time and communicate with students with psychological obstacles. Eliminate their psychological problems in time. Help them develop a healthy and positive attitude.
5. Pay attention to training. Introduce some common sense of educating children to temporary guardians as much as possible, and hold some forums to let them know about children and better guide and educate them. At the same time, we should make full use of the "golden season" when migrant workers return home during the Spring Festival and hold parent-teacher conferences.