The entrepreneurial environment in China is very good now. In particular, the Sixteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly pointed out that all kinds of investors at home and abroad are encouraged to start their own businesses in China's construction field. All lawful labor income and lawful non-labor income should be protected. It is necessary to form ideas and entrepreneurial mechanisms that are compatible with the basic economic system in the primary stage of socialism, create a social atmosphere that encourages and supports people to do business, let all the vitality of labor, knowledge, technology, management and capital compete to generate, and let all the sources of creating social wealth fully flow in, so as to benefit the people. This once again stimulated people's entrepreneurial impulse and enthusiasm.
Therefore, at present, China has become one of the regions with the most active entrepreneurial activities in the world.
Compared with the situation in 2002, China has improved and made progress in measuring many factors of entrepreneurial environment, such as financial support, government projects, education and training, intellectual property protection and cultural and social norms. Beijing has 107.6 1 private entrepreneurial enterprises per 10,000 people, making it the city with the highest entrepreneurial index in China.
At present, the most obvious feature of group entrepreneurship in China is the trend of popularization. In particular: e-commerce enters 2. The arrival of the 0 era has further promoted the rapid development of this popular trend. This trend of popularization is manifested in the following characteristics:
(1) The threshold for starting a business is low and it is suitable for civilians to enter.
China's economic environment has changed. After China's entry into WTO, the market competition is becoming more and more international, the government management tends to be transparent, the laws are more perfect, and the competition environment is more relaxed and fair. All these have lowered the threshold for starting a business and are very suitable for civilian entrepreneurs to enter.
(2) Entrepreneurial subjects come from the grass-roots level of society, with civilian color.
This civilian pattern of entrepreneurs is suitable for the economic characteristics of the primary stage of socialism in China and the economic situation of most entrepreneurs in the primary stage. Low threshold, low starting point, suitable for a large number of civilians to enter and become the main body of entrepreneurship. Therefore, a wave of group entrepreneurship can be formed.
(3) Entrepreneurial marketing activities have a civilian orientation.
Most of these entrepreneurial enterprises with civilian colors can adhere to the civilian perspective and marketing ideas in the process of starting their own businesses. Price orientation and development mode of civil buildings. It embodies the development characteristics of civilian entrepreneurship and the way of accumulating wealth.
(4) civilian entrepreneurship, showing the vitality of civilian wealth.
Because of scientific market positioning, these enterprises with civilian perspective have gained the largest customer resources and market space. Therefore, it has developed rapidly, showing the channel advantage and competitive advantage of civilian positioning and showing strong vitality.
Ms Cui Ronghua of Xi 'an Ronghua Group started from a small hotel. After eight years' pioneering work, she has now formed a large enterprise group focusing on real estate and become one of the top ten growth enterprises in Shaanxi.
Han Jun, general manager of Ningbo Juncheng Metal Pipe Industry, started from a small enterprise with a scale of only100000 yuan and developed into a leader in Ningbo's metal and steel trading industry, with sales reaching 2.85 billion yuan last year.
2. Entrepreneurship education is booming.
Entrepreneurial ability is a kind of viability. Entrepreneurship education is the education to cultivate and improve the viability.
As early as 1972, the report "Learning to Live" pointed out: "There is a class of young people who have successfully completed their formal studies at a fairly high stage, but their training is not suitable for economic needs." This is the basic understanding of the international education field to reflect on the experience of educational development.
1989 165438+ International Seminar on Education Facing 265438+20th Century 10 was held in Beijing. The delegates "demanded that the education of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial skills be raised to the same status as the current academic education and vocational education". Colin Bohr, an expert of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, summed up entrepreneurship education as the "third education passport" that future people should master.
After the concept of entrepreneurship education was put forward, it was strongly supported and actively advocated by UNESCO, ILO, World Bank and international education departments.
UNESCO pointed out: "Entrepreneurship education, in a broad sense, refers to cultivating individuals with pioneering spirit."
The report of the organization "Education-the wealth contained in it" further points out that in the basic education stage, the main focus of implementing employment and entrepreneurship education is to cultivate all the educated people's employment awareness, entrepreneurial spirit and social responsibility, and strive to provide education and training that will benefit the educated for life. Only in this way can education really shoulder the heavy responsibility of teaching people to be human beings.
Since then, the world entrepreneurship education has made rapid development. Many countries have explored employment and entrepreneurship education to varying degrees.
The United States is the first country to carry out entrepreneurship education in schools. From primary schools, junior high schools, senior high schools, universities and even graduate students, employment and entrepreneurship education courses are generally offered. Entrepreneurship has never been so vigorous in American history. In the past 25 years, entrepreneurship has become the fastest-growing discipline in American business schools and engineering schools. 1980, some 163 universities offer entrepreneurship courses. By 1999, about 1 100 colleges and universities had set up entrepreneurship courses. Many universities also offer entrepreneurship or entrepreneurship research majors. The United States has also set up a national entrepreneurship teaching fund.
Entrepreneurship education in the United States even extends to secondary education. At present, students in grade K- 12 in at least 30 states are receiving entrepreneurship education. A random sample survey of American high school students shows that 70% students want to own their own businesses. 86% students want to know more about entrepreneurship.
Some famous scholars believe that the American economy has undergone tremendous changes in the past 30 years due to the entrepreneurial revolution, and entrepreneurs are creating unprecedented great value. Today, more than 95% of American wealth was created after 1980.
In Japan, since 1998, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology has cooperated with the Ministry of International Trade and Industry to implement "employment and entrepreneurship education" in primary schools. Cultivate children's psychological awareness and will quality in employment and entrepreneurship from an early age.
In recent years, some areas in France have carried out entrepreneurial activities such as "middle school running enterprises" and "teaching middle school students to run enterprises". Its purpose is to prepare for students' career choice and employment, and to cultivate students' interest and ability to explore entrepreneurship.
India put forward the concept of "self-employment education" in 1966, encouraging students to find their own way out after graduation and make themselves "not only job seekers, but also job creators". This training goal once again attracted the attention of Indian society in the 1980s. In the Indian government's national education policy (1986), it is clearly required to cultivate students' "attitude, knowledge and skills needed for starting their own businesses".
As a member of the "Entrepreneurship Education" project of UNESCO, China started the research on entrepreneurship education in basic education as early as 199 1. At that time, entrepreneurship education experiments had been carried out in 6 provinces, 20 counties and townships and more than 30 schools. However, it has not been popularized and adhered to, nor has it become the mainstream of national education reform.
Entrepreneurship education in Chinese mainland began in the high-tech industrial development zone. At that time, some college teachers had interspersed some entrepreneurial content in the teaching process. The relatively systematic entrepreneurship management education began in the late 1990s. In 2002, under the influence of the new wave of entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities achieved rapid development. In March, 2003, the Ministry of Education held a working meeting of the pilot school of entrepreneurship education in Beihang University. This paper summarizes the experience of entrepreneurship education in nine universities, including Tsinghua University, Beihang University, China Renmin University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Nanjing Institute of Economics, Wuhan University, Xi Jiaotong University, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Heilongjiang University. It has further promoted the in-depth development of entrepreneurship education.
Since then, entrepreneurship education has flourished in the national education system.
3. Various forms and great functions of entrepreneurship training.
Entrepreneurship training is an important symbol of a country's entrepreneurial maturity. It is also one of the reasons why a country and region have strong entrepreneurial ability. Entrepreneurship counseling for small and medium-sized enterprises is a common practice adopted by governments all over the world. According to incomplete statistics, about 70% of American enterprises were funded and coached by SBA at the beginning of their establishment. In Taiwan Province Province, most small and medium-sized enterprises, especially information technology enterprises, have benefited from the comprehensive entrepreneurship counseling program.
In Hongkong, China, there are not only public service platforms for entrepreneurship counseling, but also small and medium-sized enterprise service organizations in relevant government departments. About 70% of small and medium-sized enterprises have received entrepreneurial guidance and help from the government.
According to the responsibilities entrusted to government departments at all levels by the SME Promotion Law, China regards the establishment of SME entrepreneurship training system as an important measure to improve urban functions and achieve long-term national stability. And identified a number of pilot cities such as Shenzhen. Special funds have also been allocated to set up "special funds for the development of private and small and medium-sized enterprises", focusing on supporting the establishment of various small and medium-sized enterprises. Entrepreneurs can make good use of such a platform and deduce countless myths about the rapid rise of entrepreneurship.
Entrepreneurship training is a kind of training to improve entrepreneurial ability for people with entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial conditions. At present, in the upsurge of national entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship training in China is on the rise. Mainly divided into three levels.
1 is to organize theoretical knowledge and practical skills training with the basic knowledge of entrepreneurship as the main content for those who have entrepreneurial conditions or are ready to start a business.
For the heads of informal employment labor organizations, newly established labor employment service enterprises, and small private entrepreneurs, the main service is to improve their business ability and diagnose and follow up the established enterprises; Entrepreneurship training for laid-off workers and re-employed workers is mainly to enable laid-off workers to increase their skills, strengthen their confidence and take the road of self-employment. Some local governments also combine it with the issuance of micro-loans, giving micro-credit support to those who have received entrepreneurship training, so that they can find a way out of life and get rich as soon as possible.
2. Introduce international training courseware.
In the tide of mass entrepreneurship, the Ministry of Labor and Social Security and the International Labor Organization announced "Malanhua" as the registered logo of "SIYB China Project" to shape the overall image of the SIYB entrepreneurship training project in China. At present. The "Start and Improve Your Business" (SIYB) project was launched in Beijing and other four pilot cities, and nearly 8,000 people participated in the training. After the training, more than 4,000 students successfully started their own businesses.
At the end of 2002, Tianjin introduced the "Entrepreneurship" training mode of the International Labour Organization to provide free services for laid-off workers. A "service model" of "one-stop" project development, micro-loan (financing service), expert guidance and follow-up service has been formed, which has produced good social effects. Up to now, more than 8,500 laid-off workers have been trained, helping more than 5 100 people to start businesses successfully. At the same time, it has driven 25,500 people in the society to achieve re-employment, and achieved the effect of entrepreneurship training and employment multiplication.
According to the survey, the object of entrepreneurship training in China is undergoing major structural changes. Take Shanghai as an example: in the past two years, the participation rate of young people under 35 has exceeded 50%, and the proportion is still rising. Entrepreneurial training is gradually changing to the comprehensive improvement of comprehensive skills and quality, and the door is open to all those who dream of achieving a career. In the next few years, young people will become the main body of entrepreneurship and the main force in the future entrepreneurial army.
3. Explore the improvement of entrepreneurial ability with psychological evaluation.
A good attitude is the guarantee of success. It is the inherent performance of entrepreneurs' entrepreneurial ability.
Psychological evaluation of entrepreneurial ability is a method to study and evaluate the psychological endurance and adaptability of entrepreneurs by psychological methods.
In group entrepreneurship training, many domestic training institutions will ask psychologists to help entrepreneurs find "the support point of their success" and help you study how to "limit the problem" and "what hinders you from making effective decisions" so as to provide psychological counseling and lower their blood pressure. In order to improve entrepreneurs' entrepreneurial ability, we should build a psychological defense line and correct the "attribution bias", so as to comprehensively improve entrepreneurs' entrepreneurial ability. It plays an important role in the healthy growth of entrepreneurs.
4. Rapid expansion of business incubators.
Business incubator, also known as business incubator or innovation center, is a new type of entrepreneurial economic organization. It originated in the 1950s and was first proposed by Joe Mancuso of the United States on 1959. By providing low-cost facilities such as R&D, land for production and operation, communication and network office, systematic training and consulting, and support systems in policy, financing, law and marketing, the cost of starting a business can be reduced, the risk of starting a business can be avoided, and the success rate of starting a business can be improved. It is a development environment and space suitable for the survival and growth of small and medium-sized enterprises.
Business incubators have played a great role in promoting the development of high-tech industries, incubating and cultivating small and medium-sized high-tech enterprises, revitalizing regional economy and cultivating new economic growth points, so they have developed rapidly all over the world. At present, there are more than 3,700 business incubators in the world.
At present, China has entered the ranks of big business incubators. By the end of 2003, there were 489 business incubators in China. There are 3 1365 incubating enterprises. It has an incubation fund of 3.33 billion yuan. The operating income of incubating enterprises has reached more than 85 billion yuan.
Start-up incubator has become the cradle of cultivating successful start-ups and entrepreneurs, and it is also an ideal investment place for venture capital. Chengdu, Wuhan and Shanghai in China have all gained successful experience in exploring venture capital in business incubators.