type
Due to different geographical and climatic conditions, potato cultivation techniques are different around the world. Tubers are mainly used for asexual reproduction. In order to avoid virus (spindle tuber, X and S mosaic virus) infection and knife ring rot, healthy seed potatoes with a diameter of 3 ~ 3.5 cm should be selected for whole potato sowing. Most cultivated varieties are selected through cross breeding. In view of the shortage of common potato varieties, special attention was paid to the genome of comprehensive potato-related varieties, including common varieties and diploid varieties, in order to facilitate the breeding of new varieties with high yield, high resistance, high starch and high protein content.
Breeding approaches mainly include:
① A diploid hybrid with 2n gametes crosses with common cultivated species.
(2) The new cultivated varieties are crossed with the common cultivated varieties. Potato has high yield and strong adaptability to the environment. [8]
When tuber is used for asexual propagation, seed potato can germinate and grow at soil temperature of 5 ~ 8℃, and the optimum temperature is 15 ~ 20℃. The suitable temperature for the growth and flowering of plant stems and leaves is 16 ~ 22℃. The optimum temperature for tuber formation at night is 10 ~ 13℃ (soil temperature is 16 ~ 18℃), and it forms slowly when it is higher than 20℃. When the temperature drops to -2℃, it will be frozen.
sow seeds
Propagation with tubers, cutting potatoes into pieces according to bud eyes, ridge planting and sowing in March. When the average temperature exceeds 25 degrees Celsius, underground tubers stop expanding. It will mature in about three months.
Timely early sowing: timely early fertilization and early sowing, so that the whole growth period of potatoes is in a relatively cold and low-temperature season, and the formation and expansion of potato blocks avoid high-temperature periods.
Pay attention to the thickness of the soil. Generally, the soil thickness is not less than 12 cm. When sowing, if the covering soil thickness is insufficient, it should be 1~2 times with the growth of seedlings after emergence. The soil cover is too thin, the ground temperature changes sharply, and the stolons easily escape from the ground.
Tiantuan management
Potato plants are divided into aboveground and underground parts. The aerial part has aerial stems, pinnate compound leaves, buds and fruits. The underground part has underground stems, roots, stolons and tubers. Whether the aboveground part bears fruit is related to the variety and external environmental conditions. Different planting time of the same variety in different years and in the same year will affect whether it blooms or bears fruit. The products of potato cultivation are tubers produced underground, which are formed by the swelling of the top of stolons. They have many characteristics of aboveground stems. Stolon, tuber and aboveground stem can be said to have no essential difference and can be transformed into each other under certain environmental conditions.
Fertilize soil or land
Potatoes are generally fertilized according to the principle of "organic fertilizer as the main fertilizer, supplemented by chemical fertilizer, heavy base fertilizer and early topdressing". Because organic fertilizer is rich in organic matter, it is beneficial to fertilization, loosening soil, improving soil fertility, and more conducive to potato tuber expansion and root growth. In the process of potato growth, flowering period is the period when water and fertilizer are most needed, and it is also the season when the temperature rises and the rainfall increases, and it is also the stage when organic fertilizer gradually matures, decays and releases nutrients. At this time, the conversion benefit of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer in base fertilizer is expanding continuously, which meets the demand for nutrients during potato growth and promotes the growth and development of plants. This is the purpose of re-applying base fertilizer.
There are two main points in applying base fertilizer again: first, high-quality organic fertilizer is the main fertilizer; Second, it is necessary to adhere to the combined application of organic fertilizer and ternary fertilizer, in which the dosage of ternary fertilizer is 2/3 of the whole growth period as the base fertilizer and 1/3 as the topdressing. Potato production 1500-2000kg/667m2 base fertilizer application rate is: high-quality organic fertilizer 2000-3500kg, urea 12kg, calcium superphosphate 20-30kg, plant ash 150-200kg or potassium chloride10-. Mixing the above fertilizers with organic fertilizers evenly and applying them as basic fertilizers to the soil layer below 10 cm can loosen the potato block layer and facilitate the absorption of potato roots.