Ecotourism in foreign countries developed earlier, and different development modes and measures were adopted according to different national conditions. Ecotourism is generally managed by law in the world. 19 16. The United States passed a bill and decided to establish the National Park Service. Since then, the management of national parks has been stipulated by law. Britain also passed a similar bill in 1993. It can be seen from its name "National Park Protection Law" that this is a bill aimed at strengthening the protection of natural landscape and ecological environment.
However, after the 1992 Rio Conference, Japan officially promulgated such a bill and began to regulate the construction of ecotourism by law. On the other hand, the international community has paid more and more attention to the development planning and strategic measures of ecotourism. Like the United States, as early as 1994, it made its own eco-tourism development plan, in order to cope with more and more tourists.
On the other hand, Australia has invested nearly100000 Australian dollars to realize the national ecological development strategy. As for Mexico, the new century tourism plan designated by the United States focuses on eco-tourism. In addition, Kenya, which is famous for ecotourism, regards ecotourism as an important project in the development strategies of many countries.
In the process of development, these countries also attach importance to the environmental protection propaganda of tourism, which makes people consciously pay attention to the ecological environment. Britain launched the green tourism movement, and Japan showed its attitude by holding several seminars on tourism ecological protection. In short, this is a purpose, that is, to make all groups from developers to tourists understand the connotation and importance of ecotourism.
Countries with mature ecotourism generally attach great importance to the interests of local people. Kenya, for example, has done a good job in this regard. They put forward a plan for wildlife development and benefit sharing. When they promote eco-tourism, they not only develop tourism, but also protect the local precious endemic animals, take care of the interests of local people and make them actively support the construction of eco-tourism.
However, in the Philippines, they have changed the traditional way of fishing. On the one hand, they promote the development of tourism, on the other hand, they also allow local people to obtain compensation income from another channel. In addition, the international management of ecotourism is still very strict, and it is often managed by various means. Most countries that develop eco-tourism projects pay attention to and carefully control the passenger flow, and often monitor the impact of establishing eco-tourism areas on the local ecological environment.
The garbage in the tourist area has been treated professionally, and the local water resources have been saved and utilized. Strengthened management methods. For example, in Australia, the Ministry of Travel and Tourism and the Tourist Association have issued a series of guides to tell people how to travel correctly according to the regulations. These are the efforts made by the international community to improve and promote the construction of eco-tourism, and have also achieved remarkable results.
2. The Japan Tourism Association recently stated that,
World Toilet Organization (WTO) is an international non-profit organization concerned with toilets and public health. The World Toilet Organization was founded on 200 1, with its headquarters in Singapore. Its slogan is related to toilets and global health.
The World Toilet Organization holds the World Toilet Summit in different places every year to promote the solution of the world toilet hygiene crisis. Currently, the World Toilet Organization has 477 international members from 177 countries. Singapore Toilet Association, Japanese Toilet Association, Finnish Toilet Association, Taiwan Province Toilet Association, American Toilet Urinary Fear Syndrome Association and beijing tourism administration are all members.
3. The relationship between Japanese tourism consulting agencies and American Tourism Association.
So far, no Japanese scientist has won the Turing Prize.
The Turing Award was established by the American Computer Association in 1966, also known as the Morning Turing Award. Its purpose is to reward individuals who have made important contributions to the computer industry. Generally, only one computer scientist is awarded each year, and after several years, only two collaborators or scientists who have made contributions in the same direction will share this award.
From 1966 to now, * * * has 67 winners. According to nationality, American scholars are the most, and European scholars rarely see them. In Asia, only China scientist Yao Qizhi won the Turing Prize in 2000.
4. Japan Tourism Group
In September of 20021year, the family stayed in Japan for permanent residence and settled in Japan, but they could not enter Japan with visas for studying, working and visiting.
5. Japan Tourism Co., Ltd.
Co., Ltd. is commonly used in Japan and is synonymous with Japanese enterprises, similar to China's joint stock limited company. Japanese enterprises are called joint-stock companies, which means that enterprises are like a big family. In order to avoid confrontation within the family, everyone has the responsibility to maintain harmony and unity within the family. Limited company is a common word in Japanese. Japanese pen name writing: Actually, it is two separate words: Limited Company and Limited Company, which are also used in Korean: (Limited Company).
Company () refers to shares, equity and stocks; Clubs () refer to companies, limited companies and enterprises. Limited company is a Japanese joint-stock company, which is what we often call a joint-stock (limited) company.
6. Japan Medical Tourism Consulting Service Center
Not all Japanese hospitals are qualified to treat foreigners.
There are about 300 hospitals in Japan, which have been awarded international medical qualifications by the Japanese government. These Japanese hospitals with international medical qualifications have foreign language services and medical translation services, and are familiar with the process of foreign medical services. This is also the social welfare reform carried out by the Japanese government in preparation for the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games. There are many contents, and they are all in Japanese. If you want to go to a specific city and see what's wrong, you can tell me and I'll check it for you. However, medical visas to Japan need domestic medical diagnosis and treatment as a reference. All these treatments should be translated into Japanese. You also need to join overseas medical insurance. Because there is no universal health insurance between China and Japan.
7. International Tourism in Japan
, the spatial distribution is concentrated, the service level is high-quality and unique, and the spread effect is remarkable.
Pass laws and regulations on Japan's development and American tourism.
8. Japan Tourism Company
First of all, you should say whether you want to apply for a study abroad or a work visa.
At present, if you want to study abroad, you need to study Japanese basic courses for a certain period of time and study at school. Besides, you need to submit your highest diploma and other basic family information to your Japanese school. General study abroad can be divided into two situations. One is that someone in Japan helps you reverse your visa, which saves you the trouble of going to the Japanese embassy for an interview. The other is that if you do it yourself in China, you need to go to an interview. At that time, the interviewer will look at your basic personal information and ask your intention to go to Japan. You need to answer seriously.
The most important thing is the bank deposit certificate to judge whether you are going to work or study in Japan.
If it is a work visa. This is much more convenient. The company only needs to show some relevant certificates, and it can appoint you to work in Japan. Passport and other related expenses can be handled by yourself. I don't know the rest. Other people who want to know can add. )
From 20 10 to 20 10, there are seven departments under the National Tourism Administration, namely: office (comprehensive coordination department), policy and regulation department, tourism promotion and international liaison department, planning, development and finance department, quality regulation and management department, personnel and labor education department, and office of retired cadres. The National Tourism Administration has six directly affiliated units, namely: National Tourism Administration Service Center, National Tourism Administration Information Center, china tourism association, China Tourism Newspaper, China Tourism Publishing House and China Tourism Management Cadre College. The National Tourism Administration has set up 16 overseas offices in 13 countries and regions, namely: Tokyo Tourism Office, Osaka Tourism Office, Singapore Tourism Office, Kathmandu Tourism Office, Seoul Tourism Office, Asian Tourism Exchange Center (Hong Kong), new york Tourism Office, Los Angeles Tourism Office, Toronto Tourism Office, London Tourism Office, Paris Tourism Office, Frankfurt Tourism Office and Madrid Tourism Office.
9. The difference between Japanese tourism consulting agencies and American Tourism Association.
First, the present situation of Japan's elderly industry. Aging industry is a general concept, which generally refers to enterprises and departments that provide products and services for the aging population. It covers a variety of industries that meet the needs of the elderly in clothing, food, housing, transportation, entertainment and medical care. It can be roughly divided into the following five categories: (1) The manufacturing field of articles for the elderly refers to all kinds of machinery, machinery and so on. Mainly consuming the elderly. (2) The field of elderly life and nursing services can generally be divided into two major markets: elderly service industry and institutional pension industry. (3) Real estate for the elderly, including the construction of old-age communities, apartments for the elderly, social welfare homes, nursing homes, nursing homes for the elderly, and service centers for the elderly [], as well as the transformation of existing nursing homes. (4) Financial insurance for the elderly, including financial asset investment management and various insurance for the elderly. (5) Leisure services for the elderly and other fields, such as tourism, entertainment and sports, vocational study, etc. These five fields not only span the primary, secondary and tertiary industries, but also have different formation periods and development processes. The market is the foundation of industrial development, and the needs of the elderly depend on the size, income level and consumption tendency of the elderly population. Judging from the size of the elderly population, although Japan is not the earliest aging country, it is the fastest aging country. In 2000, the total population was 654.38+26.9 million, and the proportion of people over 65 years old was as high as 654.38+07.4%. It will take the lead in breaking through the 20% mark in the world in 2006 and reach 25% in 20 15. In terms of income level, the per capita income of 1999 elderly families is 2187,000 yen, which is almost the same as that of ordinary families, and the average assets are about 42.506 million yen, ranking among the best in developed countries. In addition, because elderly families generally don't spend American education and mortgages on their children, they are actually richer than people think. According to relevant statistics and forecasts, the consumption of people over 60 years old accounted for 13% of the consumer market in 190, and increased 18% in10, which was about 24% in 2000 and will rise to 36% in 20 10. Table 1 shows the time changes of the elderly population and its consumption ratio. This shows that although in some countries, enjoying old age is still regarded as synonymous with poverty, the consumption level of the elderly in Japan is not inferior to other age groups, and even surpassed the latter since the end of the 1990s. The similar situation is not limited to Japan. For example, in the late 1980s, the British Deputy Minister of Health and Social Security asserted that we were in the "era of martial arts". Table/kloc-proportion of population over 60 years old and its consumption change (unit:%)1980199020020/kloc-proportion of population over 60 years old to the total population; 1 313181823243036 Source:1. National Social Security Population Research Institute. Population statistics collection [days] (meters). Annual edition; 2. Asahi life. 2/kloc-the aging market in the 20th century [J]. Economic Monthly, No.203. Looking at the aging industry in the United States from the development course of Japan, the 1970s was the embryonic stage, and the 1980s and 1990s were the forming stage. Especially in the late 1990s, many large enterprises started from the strategy of diversification and market segmentation, relying on their technical and financial advantages, and successively entered various fields of the aging market, greatly improving their aging products and products. At present, the aging industry in Japan and the United States has industrial components in terms of market size, social function, specialization of employees and production technology and equipment. And has entered the expansion period, the industrial scale is about 39 trillion yen. After that, it will grow steadily at the rate of 4-5% every year, and by 2025, it will become a large-scale pillar industry of 1 12- 155 trillion yen (equivalent to about 1 trillion US dollars at the current exchange rate). Table 2 compares the aging industry with related industries, and the results show that: (1) Compared with the environmental protection industry, although both are emerging industries in the 20th century, the silver industry will be a green industry. (2) Compared with the civil construction industry D, the latter used to be
Because of this, facing the long-term economic downturn, the Japanese government is full of expectations for the aging market. The report of Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Issues and Prospects of Economic and Industrial Policies in the 2 1 Century, emphasizes that promoting the development of aging industries and IT industries will drive the Japanese economy out of the trough, and it is possible to achieve an average annual economic growth rate of 2% in the first 25 years of the 2 1 century. Table 2: Comparison of development trends between aging industry and related industries (unit: trillion yen *, %) 1998-2025 average annual growth rate (%)2025/ 1998 (%) aging industry, environmental protection industry and civil engineering industry 391553 */. Source: Calculated according to the reference material "2 1 Century Economic and Industrial Policy Issues and Prospects" of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan. Two. Japanese and American policies related to the aged industry. Although Japan is a market economy country, the influence of the central government on economy and enterprise management is far stronger than that of other developed countries. The rapid economic growth in 1960s and 1970s largely benefited from its industrial policies and administrative guidance []. Similarly, according to the maturity of the needs of the elderly and the development characteristics of aging industries in various fields, it is also one of Japan's successful experiences to introduce relevant policies and measures in stages in the 1980s and 1990s. 1. According to the introduction period and policy objectives, this paper analyzes the main policy measures before 1990s. Most of the policies and measures introduced in the 1970s and 1980s originated from the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, which is in charge of social welfare and other affairs. At this time, Japan has just entered the elderly society, and the long-term social welfare undertakings undertaken by government departments can no longer meet the needs of the elderly. Due to the low entry threshold of institutional pension industry, some small and medium-sized enterprises eager to enter the aging market first targeted the institutional pension industry. To this end, the Japanese government has experienced a process from licensing and liberalization gt; With the support, the final position is that the government's elderly welfare is mainly aimed at the low-income class, providing private enterprises that are unwilling to get involved and the market mechanism can be fully supplied. Most of the needs of the elderly are solved through the market mechanism as far as possible. Therefore, the main purpose of the policies and measures introduced in this period is to establish market norms and industry standards, protect the rights and interests of the elderly, and promote the socialization and industrialization of the welfare of the elderly. (1) Regulations on the Administration of Pension Institutions and its supporting measures were promulgated. 1974, the Ministry of Health and Welfare promulgated the Guidelines for the Establishment and Operation of Private Nursing Homes, and the policy has been revised many times since then. The Guidelines and related policies stipulate the attributes, facilities standards, staffing, service standards and preferential loan system of old-age care institutions, and stipulate that old-age care institutions are different from ordinary enterprises. In addition to being approved by the governor of prefectures when it was established, it must also submit annual business reports and accept the supervision of the government. At present, Japan's social pension institutions, whether welfare or profit-making, meet the criteria as long as the number of residents reaches a certain scale (generally more than 50). The difference is that the loan amount of for-profit pension institutions is generally about 30~70% of the minimum registered capital, and the annual interest rate is 2.25%, while the loan amount of welfare pension institutions is slightly higher than the former (although this is mainly because for-profit legal persons have to pay taxes, so they enjoy greater loan interest rate concessions. (2) After the 1980s, the size and purchasing power of the elderly population have been rising, the demand has become increasingly clear, and the types of related goods and services have been increasing. The Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare has set up an aging industry room, and the suppliers of aging goods and services have established an aging career development association under the guidance of the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. As the economic department in charge of country G
Shortly after the establishment of the Association for the Development of the Elderly, in view of the uneven quality of the old-age care institutions and inferior goods, incidents that harm the interests of the elderly frequently occur (for example, the elderly who live in nursing homes not only suddenly lose their homes, but also cannot recover the high advance payment; Another example is that some elderly people want to invest in value-added, but they lack financial knowledge, so they are cheated by investment consulting companies and so on. ), set up an "aging business ethics plan" to strengthen the self-discipline of industries and enterprises, and then set up a silver standard system and a silver standard certification Committee composed of representatives of consumers, manufacturers and scholars. We began to certify and publicize qualified social pension institutions, pension products and services and their production enterprises. In addition, private nursing homes have also set up a national guild through consultation, and set up a foundation under the guild to compensate and relieve the elderly when individual members are unemployed. (3) Establishing a professional qualification system and improving the professional level of employees is not only one of the important signs of the formation of aging industry, but also the need of the development of aging society and aging industry. 1987, the Japanese parliament passed the Law on Social Welfare Practitioners and the Law on Nursing Welfare Practitioners, and held the first qualification examinations of these two countries in 1989. Social welfare teachers mainly provide advice and guidance for the physical and mental health and daily life of the elderly. Participants in the examination must have a college degree or above, have attended relevant professional courses (those who have not attended professional courses need to be trained in S training center for more than one year), or have a college degree or above and have more than 2~3 years of practical experience, and have been trained in the training center for 6 months to 1 year. Nurses mainly provide specific nursing and daily life services for the elderly. They only need to have a high school education or above and have received 1-2 years of training in the training center to obtain this national qualification. But if you don't have a high school education, you need more than 3 years of practical experience and pass the qualification examination. So far, 1.4 million people and 370,000 people have taken the two qualification examinations, with passing rates of 28% and 47% respectively. Nearly 40,000 social welfare teachers and 300,000 nursing and welfare workers, as well as a large number of qualified domestic helpers, not only provide high-quality services for the elderly, but also improve human resources. In addition, some universities also offer social welfare, welfare engineering and even welfare appliance engineering, which are very popular with students. 2.65438+major policy measures in the 1990s. In the 1990s, the Japanese and American economies were depressed, the demand was sluggish, the manufacturing industry was the first to bear the brunt, and there was a serious overcapacity. On the other hand, the elderly population and their purchasing power are increasing, but the related goods and services are insufficient. How to develop goods and services suitable for the characteristics of the elderly, meet their needs and even develop their potential needs, expand the market scale and stimulate economic growth has become an increasingly important topic for the business community and even the government's economic authorities. During this period, the policies and measures introduced one after another mainly include the Law on Promoting the Research, Development and Popularization of Welfare Appliances, the Design Guide for Long-lived Social Housing, and the Nursing Insurance Law. The Law on Promoting the Research, Development and Popularization of Welfare Appliances is essentially an industrial policy aimed at adjusting product structure and cultivating emerging industries, which belongs to the middle level. According to the needs of an aging society and the responsibility and obligation of the state to promote the development and popularization of welfare devices, the main provisions are as follows: (1) give full play to the advantages of industrial technology, promote the development and use of products for the elderly, and establish an effective supply mechanism; (2) The Ministry of International Trade and Industry provides technical guidance and financial support for private enterprises; (3) Local governments must provide product information and consulting services for the elderly and the disabled; (4) Establish a perennial welfare home appliance exhibition hall to display related products in the central city. In order to achieve the policy objectives, the Ministry of International Trade and Industry has specially set up a medical welfare equipment I.
This system was called universal pension and universal insurance in the early 1960s. Its social background is as follows: (1) With the development of aging and longevity, more and more people can take care of themselves or can't take care of themselves at all; (2) The core and miniaturization of family structure weaken the traditional family function of children to take care of the elderly. At the same time, due to the lack of nursing staff and high labor costs, many elderly people cannot get the necessary care and services. (3) The medical expenses of the elderly are expanding day by day, and a large part of them are used for nursing rather than medical behavior. It is more and more important to straighten out the relationship between them and open up new sources of funds. According to the nursing insurance system, the elderly can get different levels of home care and living services as long as they are determined to be necessary through the physical examination of specialized institutions (* * * is divided into two categories and six levels, and the monthly amount ranges from 64,300 to 379,500 yen). They can also choose to stay in nursing homes, nurseries, nursing homes and nursing homes. Even the cost of rebuilding private houses and buying or renting necessary machinery, appliances and supplies can be solved through this system. 90% of the above expenses are paid by the state and local governments through the insurance system, and individuals only need to pay 10%. On the other hand, under this system, every old man over 65 years old is 1 insured, while middle-aged people aged 40-64 are A 2 insured, and the insurance premium is deducted from the income such as annuity or salary in proportion every month. Three. According to the theory of industrial economics, industrial policy does not necessarily take industry as the direct object, and its policy objectives include not only economic goals, but also social goals. Most of the above policies and measures are aimed at improving social welfare and the situation of the elderly, but they all directly or indirectly affect the aging market and industry. The first role is to establish market norms and ensure the orderly development of aging industries. The second is to cultivate and expand the aging market, strengthen the demand mechanism, and promote the rapid development of the aging industry. Among them, the professional qualification system, the popularization law of promoting the research and development of welfare devices and the newly promulgated nursing insurance law have great influence. The space of this section is limited, and the latter is mainly analyzed briefly. According to the Nursing Insurance Law, the providers of nursing and living services are mainly enterprises, not the government. The market mechanism enables consumers (the elderly, etc.) to. ) here. Suppliers are selected according to price and quality, and suppliers carry out business activities according to market trends, which largely avoids the disadvantages of low efficiency and poor service that are common in government welfare undertakings. By the end of June 5438+ 10, 2000, there were 64,605 small and medium-sized enterprises in Japan engaged in home care and living services for the elderly and rental products for the elderly, with more than 1 1 0,000 facilities for the elderly. According to the survey of 4,774 former enterprises conducted by the Association for the Development of Aging, within six months after the nursing insurance system came into effect (April 2000 to June 5438+00), the average number of customers in each enterprise increased from 37 to 63.8, and the average monthly turnover increased from 2.5 million yen to 4 million yen, an increase of more than 60%. The expanding demand for nursing and living services has also directly or indirectly driven the demand of various industries such as pension products, pension facilities, pension housing, financial insurance and even knowledge industries. Therefore, the nursing insurance system promotes the all-round development of Japan's aging industry. A survey in the second year after the promulgation of this law shows that 33.5% of listed companies have entered or will soon enter the aging market, especially 184 large-scale manufacturing and financial insurance enterprises, and 146 have started to produce products or provide financial insurance products for the elderly, among which 1 18 indicated that they will expand their scale. At present, many large enterprises have entered the nursing and life service market across industries. For example, Hitachi Group, Japan Life Insurance Company, Japan Telecom and Telephone Company and other large enterprises 14 jointly set up professional partners to provide information.
The impact of the insurance system on industry and economy is also manifested in several other aspects. (1) Expand market demand and stimulate economic growth. Since the early 1990s, the economies of Japan and the United States have been in a long-term downturn. The main reason is that the demand is insufficient and unbalanced, and the traction of enterprise equipment investment is reduced, which can directly affect the final consumption, while the consumption of residents is weak due to the lack of new products and services and people's lack of confidence in the future. On the other hand, increasing public investment to stimulate economic growth is the traditional prosperity strategy of the Japanese government, but the implementation space is getting smaller and smaller, and the effect is not as good as before. Social welfare expenditure including nursing expenses has the same multiplier effect as public investment, the former is 3.79[] and the latter is 3.8. It is calculated that if the nursing insurance system comes into effect in the first fiscal year, it will cost 3.97 trillion yen. Then Y=3.973.79= 15.0463 (trillion yen). That is to say, when the total supply equals the total demand again, the increase in demand, production and income driven by 3.97 trillion yen can reach 15.05 trillion yen. However, as a part of 3.97 trillion yen, it should have been included in the US government's medical expenses for the elderly, and the actual increase in nursing expenses in fiscal year 2000 was less than the above figures. However, after that, the demand for nursing will increase rapidly at the rate of 8- 10% per year, rising to 6.4 trillion yen in 2005 and 9.2 trillion yen in 20 10, and its diffusion effect can increase the market demand by several hundred trillion yen. (2) Expand employment opportunities and absorb surplus labor in traditional industries. Life service industry and institutional pension industry are labor-intensive industries. According to estimates, every1000 billion yen of elderly care needs can create 1785 jobs, while1000 billion yen of public utilities such as infrastructure construction can only create 994 jobs. Due to the decrease of population and the change of economic structure, by 20250, the number of employees in Japan will decrease by about 5%, and the distribution of industries will also change significantly. Among them, the number of employees in the secondary industry (excluding medical and welfare appliance manufacturing), which is dominated by construction and manufacturing, will decrease by about 20%, and the number of employees in the primary industry and the tertiary industry (excluding the service industry dominated by the elderly) will decrease by about 10% each. Only when the industries related to the aging society increase substantially, the service industry with the elderly as the main target will increase by more than 200%, thus greatly reducing the social and economic impact of layoffs in traditional industries. (3) Promote the development of local economy and community. The old-age service industry, institutional old-age care industry and old-age housing industry are mostly based on the local society and have a lasting impact on the local economy and community development. Judging from the regional differences in the degree of population aging, Japan and other developed countries have higher population aging in rural areas than in cities, higher in small and medium-sized cities than in big cities, and higher in economically backward areas than in developed areas. For example, in many towns and villages in Japan, the proportion of the elderly population exceeds 50%, and there is great room for the development of industries such as nursing services, institutional pension, and elderly housing. In addition, overpopulation in these areas has seriously affected the local fiscal revenue and social and economic development, so developing industry in these areas has great social and economic benefits. At present, many towns and villages implement preferential policies and even give financial subsidies to investors who build retirement communities and apartments for the elderly, which is exactly why. 4. Enlighten that the aging industry also has broad prospects in China. In 20 10, the proportion of the elderly over 60 in the total population in China rose to 12. 1%, which was close to the level of Japan 1980. The total consumption demand of the elderly exceeds 1 trillion RMB, forming a huge market for the elderly. Because the trend of population aging will not be reversed at least in 2 1 century. The silver industry, like the green industry, is Q.
Therefore, as the main body of policy, the state should have a comprehensive conception and long-term layout for the development of the aging industry, and formulate corresponding policies and measures in stages according to the characteristics and national conditions of the aging industry to promote the development of the aging market and guide and support the development of the aging industry in various fields.