The first step is base electricity, which is less electricity and lower electricity price;
The second gear has higher electricity consumption and higher electricity price;
The third step is more electricity and higher electricity price.
With the increase of average household electricity consumption, the electricity price per kilowatt hour is also gradually increasing. Step-by-step increase in residential electricity price can improve energy efficiency. By using electricity in segments, we can realize the differential pricing of market segments and improve the efficiency of electricity consumption. And can subsidize low-income residents. Because of this requirement of caring for low-income people to maintain the minimum living standard, it is also commonly known as "poor electricity price"
Implementation reason
The relevant person in charge of the National Development and Reform Commission said that the price of resource products in China is seriously low, which is one of the important reasons for the extensive management and serious waste of the processing industry. Therefore, the price of resource products fully reflects the scarcity of resources, the relationship between supply and demand and environmental costs, which is an inevitable way to change the development mode and realize healthy and sustainable economic development. The direction of resource price reform is to gradually establish a price mechanism determined by market supply and demand. Over the years, the pace of electricity price marketization reform has been greatly accelerated, and a scientific, reasonable, open and transparent government pricing system has been initially established. NDRC will actively and steadily promote the marketization of electricity prices, and plans to continue to optimize the classification structure of sales electricity prices, reduce cross-subsidies, establish an electricity price system conducive to energy conservation and emission reduction, and guide users to use electricity reasonably.
General situation of development: the state has started the electricity price reform in due course. Cao Changqing, Director of the Price Department of the National Development and Reform Commission, introduced on October 22nd, 2009/KLOC-0 that the electricity price of foreign residents is generally 0.5 to 2 times that of 65438+ industrial electricity price. However, China has long implemented a low-price policy for residents' electricity consumption. Last year, the average price of electricity for residents in China was about 0.5 yuan per kWh, which was lower than the industrial electricity price and the average electricity price, while the price of electricity for foreign residents was equivalent to RMB 1 yuan to 1.5 yuan. What is the difference between the wages of ordinary residents in China and those in foreign countries? This can't be compared, but the electricity price can. At present, the lower residential electricity price in China is mainly achieved by increasing the cost allocation of industrial and commercial electricity prices. He believes that if the electricity price is not gradually straightened out, it will not only increase the burden of electricity consumption of industrial and commercial enterprises, but also affect the economic competitiveness of China, resulting in unreasonable distribution of subsidies for families with more economic conditions and less economic conditions. This secret posting is unreasonable and unfair.
Some analysts believe that the recent economic recovery, PPI and CPI are at a low level, which is a suitable time window to promote the price reform of resource products. At present, the price index level is low, leaving room for the price increase of resource products. Good economic growth and low inflationary pressure are undoubtedly good opportunities to promote resource price reform. Ladder electricity price will be introduced.
Due to the great differences in natural conditions, living habits and residents' economic affordability in different parts of China, the state will not uniformly determine the number of months of basic living electricity consumption for residents, and the number of months of basic living electricity consumption for each household will be determined by the provinces according to local actual conditions.
At present, Zhejiang, Fujian and Sichuan provinces have implemented ladder electricity prices for residential electricity consumption. Taking Zhejiang Province as an example, the electricity price of residents in Zhejiang Province is divided into three "steps"-the monthly electricity consumption is less than 50 degrees, and the electricity price is 0.538 yuan/degree, of which the peak electricity price is 0.568 yuan/degree and the low electricity price is 0.288 yuan/degree; 5 1 to 200 degrees, the electricity price is raised by 0.03 yuan/degree to 0.568 yuan/degree, of which the peak-valley electricity price is 0.598 yuan/degree and the valley electricity price is 0.365438 yuan/degree; If the electricity consumption exceeds 200 kWh, the electricity price is 0. 10 yuan higher than the basic electricity price, that is, 0.638 yuan/kWh, of which the peak-valley electricity price is 0.668 yuan/kWh and the valley electricity price is 0.388 yuan/kWh. When the sum of peak and valley electricity consumption exceeds 50 degrees, the excess electricity will be charged at the price of the "second step" and will be increased in turn.
"It will not be adjusted in 2009, but it should be 20 10, depending on the specific procedures, such as cost supervision and examination, price hearing, etc." The relevant person in charge of the Provincial Price Bureau said. But did not disclose the "red line."
Ladder electricity price is the development direction. The national development and reform commission's phrase "87 kWh per household per month" has aroused widespread concern in society. Where and who should draw the "red line" of residential electricity consumption has become the focus of discussion. Through these arguments, we can see that the current residential electricity price reform is imminent.
On June 5438+065438+1October 19, 2009, the text issued by the Price Department of the Development and Reform Commission formally stated the reform of residential electricity consumption: "On the basis of in-depth investigation and demonstration, it is planned to implement a step-by-step increasing electricity price for residential electricity consumption in China." Preliminary consideration, for urban and rural residents who implement "one household, one meter", "divide their monthly (annual) electricity consumption into several grades, implement lower electricity prices for basic electricity demand, and implement higher electricity prices for electricity that exceeds basic demand. Specifically, it was put forward by various localities in combination with local conditions. After full argumentation, an operable plan was put forward, and the hearing procedure was strictly implemented and implemented after approval. "
From 165438+20091October 20th, the national non-civil electricity price was raised by 2.8 points on average. According to the spirit of the meeting of the National Development and Reform Commission, it is planned to introduce the step-by-step civil electricity price in some pilot areas on 20 10, and relevant plans are being worked out and hearings are being prepared.
The practice of implementing step-by-step electricity price has long been precedent in the world. After the oil crisis in the 1970s, Japan, South Korea and some parts of the United States adopted a step-by-step electricity price method for residential electricity consumption, and residential electricity consumption was priced in different grades. The less electricity consumption, the lower the price, and the more electricity consumption, the higher the price. This can not only reasonably reflect the power supply cost, but also take into account the affordability of residents with different income levels.
1. Japan's ladder electricity price is time-sharing.
From June, 65438 to June, 0974, Japan began to implement ladder electricity price for residential electricity consumption, and divided the electricity price into three grades according to the electricity consumption. Power companies across the country have slightly different pricing for each document. Take Tokyo Electric Power Company as an example, the first gear is 120 kWh, and the electricity price per kWh is 17.87 yen (about 1.45 RMB), which is the necessary electricity consumption to ensure basic living. In the second stage, from 120 degrees to 300 degrees, each degree is 22.86 yen (about RMB 1.9 yuan), and the electricity price is equal to the average power generation cost. In the third stage, the temperature is above 300 degrees, and each degree is 24. 13 yen (about RMB 2 yuan), so as to promote power saving.
In recent years, Japan's residential electricity price has also introduced basic electricity price, fuel cost adjustment, solar power generation surcharge and other projects. In addition, in order to encourage off-peak electricity consumption, Tokyo Electric Power Company also implements time-of-use electricity price, and the late-night electricity price from 23: 00 to 7: 00 the next day is relatively low.
2. The ladder electricity price in the United States is divided into months.
Since the mid-1970s, the electricity pricing mechanism in the United States has implemented the charging mechanism of ladder price. One of its major characteristics is the implementation of the double-track electricity price in summer and winter on the basis of the ladder electricity price, which has a large demand for electricity in summer and a slightly higher pricing. Pricing is slightly lower when demand is low in winter.
Generally speaking, the monthly electricity bill issued by American power companies for each household includes fixed items such as basic cost, fuel cost, consumption tax and state tax, as well as items calculated according to electricity consumption such as distribution cost, power generation cost and transmission cost. According to the sum of the costs calculated by electricity consumption, the ladder price standard of a certain area is obtained.
According to the report released by the American Energy Information Center in June 20 10, in 2008, the average monthly electricity consumption of each household in the United States was 920 kWh, and the average electricity price was 13 cents/kWh, and the average household paid 106 USD per month. Take Pennsylvania for example. In the summer from June to September, the electricity price per kilowatt-hour is 14.72 cents for electricity within 500 degrees, and 16.74 cents for electricity above 500 degrees. In the winter from June 10 to May of the following year, each kilowatt-hour 14.63 cents.
However, the electricity market in the United States is fully competitive, and different companies implement different charging systems, and the electricity prices in various States in the United States vary greatly. According to the data of the American Energy Information Center, in 2008, the most expensive state in the United States was Hawaii, with an average of 29.2 cents per kWh, followed by Connecticut 16.95 cents, and New York ranked third with 16.74 cents. By contrast, West Virginia is the cheapest place in the United States, with an average electricity price of 5.59 cents in 2008.
Price adjustment scheme
The residential ladder electricity price is priced according to the segments of consumers' electricity consumption, and the electricity price will show a similar ladder pricing mechanism with the increase of electricity consumption. The National Development and Reform Commission divides the monthly electricity consumption of urban and rural residents into three grades according to meeting the basic electricity demand, normal and reasonable electricity demand and high-quality living electricity demand, and the electricity price is increased step by step.
Price adjustment scheme
In principle, the first price is kept at a relatively low price level. Moreover, the National Development and Reform Commission promised to remain basically stable within three years and not to raise electricity prices. The second price is the initial price, which is about 10% higher than the current price. The third gear is to raise the initial standard of not less than 0.2 yuan per kWh, and then adjust it according to the principle of slightly higher than the second gear price adjustment standard.
If the residential ladder electricity price is implemented, 70% to 80% of the residents, including low-income and poor families, will remain basically stable and will not change. Only when the electricity consumption exceeds the initial electricity consumption stipulated by the state will it gradually increase.
The National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) has provided two schemes this time: according to the first scheme, the basic electricity consumption is about 1 10 kWh; If calculated according to the second scheme, the basic electricity consumption is 140 degrees. According to the plan, a family's monthly electricity consumption is 300 kWh, and his monthly electricity bill will increase 23 yuan; According to the second scheme, the monthly electricity bill will increase by about 13 yuan 90 points.
The National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) said that the overall framework and guidance for formulating the electricity price ladder policy should be formulated by the state, and then specific implementation plans should be determined by each locality according to its own economic development level, residents' income and electricity consumption level. Before the implementation of the plan, a hearing will be held to solicit the opinions of the local people. The draft for comments is released from today until 20 10 10 2 1.
Full trial
On the morning of June, 20 14, the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) announced at the news conference of the ladder price that the hearings in 29 provinces and cities had ended, and the implementation plan of the ladder price would be introduced one after another in various places, and it would be fully tried out nationwide from July 1 4.
According to the National Development and Reform Commission, most provinces have increased the first-class electricity consumption. According to the current plan, the coverage rate of Class I electricity consumption is above 80% in most areas and above 90% in some areas. The formation of China's ladder electricity price policy lasted for four years, and research began in 2008. 20 10 formed a preliminary guidance, and publicly solicited opinions from all walks of life through the internet. From May 20 12, all localities held hearings on the implementation plan to further listen to social opinions and improve the plan.
Important significance
The draft of "Residential Ladder Electricity Price" issued by the National Development and Reform Commission shows that the establishment of a "multi-user and multi-payment" ladder electricity price mechanism will help to form social awareness of energy conservation and emission reduction and promote the construction of a resource-saving and environment-friendly society.
The National Development and Reform Commission said that since the reform and opening up, with the sustained and rapid development of China's economy and society, a series of challenges such as resource constraints, environmental pollution and climate change have followed. Establishing a "multi-user and multi-payment" step-by-step electricity price mechanism will help to form a social consciousness of energy conservation and emission reduction and promote the construction of a resource-saving and environment-friendly society.
China is a country with a large population and very poor per capita energy resources. Among the main energy resources, the per capita reserves of oil and natural gas are less than the world average of110; The per capita water resources are only 65438+ 0/4 of the world average. Even relatively abundant coal, the per capita reserves are less than 40% of the world average. Since 2000, China's energy consumption has grown at an average annual rate of about 8%, of which electricity consumption has grown at an average annual rate of about 12%, natural gas is about 20%, and oil is about 7%. If we can't find a new energy source that can be widely popularized, according to the current consumption rate, the remaining recoverable life of oil in China is less than 15 years, natural gas is 39 years, and coal 108 years. At the same time, the environmental problems caused by a large amount of energy consumption have become increasingly prominent. For example, sulfur dioxide emitted by thermal power accounts for 42.5% of the total emissions, and carbon dioxide accounts for 50% of the total emissions, so the environmental pollution problem is very prominent. Therefore, energy conservation and emission reduction, and changing the mode of development have become the only choices to realize China's sustainable development, which will benefit the present and the future.
Under the condition of socialist market economy, promoting the transformation of development mode and energy saving and emission reduction mainly depends on economic means, and the price mechanism is the most important economic lever. The practice of desulfurization electricity price and differential electricity price in recent years has proved this point. By setting a higher price for desulfurization power generation, thermal power enterprises are encouraged to transform their processes and install desulfurization equipment. At the end of the 11th Five-Year Plan, the installed desulfurization capacity of coal-fired power plants in China increased from 17% in 2005 to 86%, and the sulfur dioxide emissions per unit electricity decreased by 50%. During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, the blind development of high energy-consuming industries was effectively restrained and the industrial structure was upgraded by implementing the differential electricity price policy. The elasticity coefficient of energy consumption in China (average annual growth rate of energy consumption/average annual growth rate of national economy) decreased from 1.04 during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period to 0.59, and the energy consumption per unit GDP decreased by 19. 1%.
The residential ladder electricity price system is another practice of promoting energy conservation and emission reduction by using price leverage. Due to historical reasons, China has long implemented the cross-subsidy system of industrial electricity price subsidizing residential electricity price. Judging from the electricity consumption structure of residents in China, 5% of high-income families consume about 24% of electricity, which means that the welfare of low electricity price policy is more enjoyed by high-income groups. This is not conducive to social equity, but also encourages the waste of power resources. By dividing the first, second and third grades of electricity, the price level of the third grade of electricity can be greatly improved, which can not only promote social equity, but also cultivate the awareness of saving resources and protecting the environment of the whole people and gradually develop the habit of energy conservation and emission reduction. In South Korea, in order to avoid entering the high electricity price range, most Koreans unplug household appliances when they are not using electricity. The influence of price leverage on people's consumption behavior can be seen from this.
Judging from the long-term development trend and the current supply and demand situation of resources and energy in China, the only economic development model that China can choose in the future can only be "high technology content, good economic benefits, low energy consumption and less environmental pollution". Whether this goal can be achieved is closely related to whether the national consciousness of saving resources and protecting the environment can be formed as soon as possible. Of course, it is by no means an overnight success to form awareness of energy conservation and emission reduction in the whole society. The implementation of residential ladder electricity price is only the first step. Natural gas, tap water and other resource products are facing similar problems to electricity. Therefore, it is timely to use price leverage to incite the formation of energy conservation and emission reduction knowledge.
Correlation evaluation
Although the price adjustment is open to the civil power grid, the price increase of residential electricity is imminent. The National Development and Reform Commission made it clear that the residential electricity price is seriously low, but it is not prepared to adopt a "one-size-fits-all" price increase method, but to implement a relatively fair residential electricity price step-by-step increase. This cannot but touch the sensitive nerves of ordinary people. For ordinary people, whether to pay more electricity bills depends on the electricity consumption base of the "first ladder". According to Cao Changqing, Director of the Price Department of the National Development and Reform Commission, the electricity consumption of residents is planned to be divided into three grades: basic living needs, normal family life and luxury electricity consumption. According to expert analysis, the "first step" may be 87 degrees per household per month. There is a realistic version of the stepped electricity price, and the pilot province of Zhejiang stipulates a 50-degree "first step"; 5 1 ~ 200 degrees is the second gear, and the price is increased by 3 points per degree; Above 200 degrees is the third gear, with a price increase of 1 angle per degree. The ladder price is determined by each place. The author believes that even if 87 degrees is taken as the "first step", it is still low. For a family of three, 87 degrees is not enough for cooking, boiling water, lighting and refrigerator. These four items should be regarded as basic domestic electricity demand. Most families will enter the "second step", so it is imperative to pay more electricity bills. If the "first step" electricity price is raised on the existing basis, compared with the "one size fits all" electricity price, the step electricity price reflects that more electricity is used and more money is paid. The more electricity used, the higher the electricity price, which should be said to be fair and reasonable. But to ensure that a fair system benefits most people, it is necessary to design the details scientifically and reasonably. Ladder electricity price should be inclusive electricity price, why does it reflect inclusiveness? The key is to determine the "first step" electricity consumption base, which should benefit at least 70% ~ 80% of ordinary families and protect them from the impact of rising electricity prices. It is reported that Zhejiang stipulates that 50 degrees only guarantees the lowest income group below 10%, and most people will pay for the price increase. Combined with the experience of home life, some people think that it is reasonable to set the "first step" at 100 degrees, and it is necessary to clarify the scope of basic domestic electricity consumption. The author thinks that it is not excessive to use electricity for cooking, boiling water, lighting and refrigerator. The more working-class people eat at home, the more electricity they use for basic living. The government should face up to this situation when formulating the "first step" power standard. The National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) has delegated the authority of the ladder price, requiring the introduction and implementation of policies on the basis of in-depth investigation and demonstration. The author suggests that all localities should make extensive investigations, fully listen to citizens' opinions and give consideration to the interests of most working families when formulating the ladder electricity price policy, especially when determining the "first ladder" electricity consumption base.