Problem description:
What are the poisonous plants? What are the specific symptoms of poisoning?
Analysis:
The source is the whole grass of Celastrus orbiculatus, a plant of Strychnaceae.
Plant morphology of Celastrus orbiculatus
Evergreen vines with smooth branches. The leaves are opposite, ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 7 ~ 12 cm long and 2 ~ 5.5 cm wide, with a tapered apex and a wedge-shaped or nearly round base. Petiole length 1.2 cm. 3-branched cymes, terminal or axillary; Flowers are small and yellow; Bracts 2, small and narrow; Sepals 5, separate, ca. 3mm； Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed at the top, 1 ~ 1.6 cm long, with reddish spots inside, round lobes, sharp at the top and shorter than the tube; Stamens 5; Ovary superior, 2-loculed, style filiform, stigma 4-lobed. The capsule is oval, with a length of 10 ~ 14 mm and a diameter of 6 ~ 8 mm, and is divided into two 2-lobed fruit petals. Seeds numerous, winged. Flowering period is August ~165438+1October. The fruiting period is 65438+February to February of the following year.
Born on sunny slopes, roadside grass or bushes. Distributed in Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou and Yunnan.
The root of this plant is also used as medicine, which is detailed in another article.
This series can be collected all year round.
Chemical composition: Roots, stems and leaves contain alkaloids, such as gelsemin, Yin, Mao, A, C, Chen, etc. Among them, gelsemin has the highest content, which is extremely toxic and is the most important effective component. In addition, it is reported that the roots of Gelsemium elegans produced in Fujian contain gelsemin A, seeds, alkali, D and E; The roots of Gelsemium elegans produced in Guangdong contain gelsemin, emodin, emodin and emodin.
Pharmacological Action Roots, stems and leaves are highly toxic. In 1930s, China scholars made a detailed study on the chemistry and pharmacology of big tea medicines and big tea medicines in North America. The main toxic components of gelsemium are gelsemium, gelsemium, gelsemium and so on. Its action properties are similar to those of alkaloids Gelsemin A and Gelsemin B contained in North American Gelsemium, but its toxicity is less. The minimum lethal dose of Gelsemin in rabbits was 0.8 mg/kg. The main symptom of poisoning is respiratory paralysis, which is difficult to breathe lightly, and the severe one dies of respiratory arrest. After the animal stopped breathing with lethal dose of gelsemin B, the heart continued to beat, and the respiratory depression was not central. Brain resection and vagotomy did not affect the respiratory inhibition of gelsemine B, and ephedrine and indomethacin had no significant rescue effect. On the other hand, it has no direct paralyzing effect on peripheral neuromuscular devices. Gelsemin B can inhibit and stop the rhythmic contraction of isolated diaphragm connected with nerve, which is the same as that of diaphragm in vivo. After breathing stops, direct phrenic nerve can still cause diaphragm contraction. In addition, after poisoning, all animals showed drooping eyelids, drooping head, limp feet and muscle weakness, so it was speculated that it played a role in spinal motor neuron paralysis.
Gelsemin A has analgesic effect on mice, and its effective dose is similar to that of poisoning. However, it has also been reported that the analgesic effect is enhanced when combined with aspirin, which is better than that when used alone. It is said that it has also achieved good results in clinic. The recommended dosage is 300 ~ 500mg of aspirin and 0.5 ~ 2mg of gelsemine A..
Gelsemin B has no obvious effect on circulatory system. It can inhibit frog heart in vitro, and can be antagonized by barium chloride and adrenaline, but atropine is ineffective. A small amount of pulse acceleration is due to the decrease of vagus nerve tension, at which time blood pressure may still have no obvious change; In a large number of cases, it inhibits the heart, leading to a decrease in blood pressure, which is mainly due to the inhibition of the heart and partly due to the decrease in the excitability of the vascular motor center; Toxic doses can cause ventricular fibrillation. Gelsemine A can block the hypotensive response caused by vagus nerve or injection of acetylcholine. It has a weak serotonin-like effect and can strengthen the pressor effect of adrenaline. In the small intestine and uterus of dogs and rabbits, a small amount is slightly excited, but a large amount is inhibited, which is a direct effect on smooth muscle. Domestic Gelsemium also inhibits smooth muscle and antagonizes acetylcholine and barium chloride. Gelatin A has no arrow poison-like effect, no paralysis of ganglion and no central sedative effect. Domestic gelsemium and gelsemium have the effect of dilating pupils.
Gelatin A can be used to treat neuralgia, especially trigeminal neuralgia, and its tincture can also be used to treat acute polio. Because the therapeutic dose is very close to the toxic dose, it is necessary to be very careful and closely observe, especially the breathing situation. Locality can be used to dilate pupils, but it is very important, which limits its application.
Bitter, warm and poisonous in nature.
① Classic: Xin Qiji Wen
② Upp Materia Medica: "Lei Gong: Poisonous."
3 Don't record: "There is a big poison."
④ Collection of Lingnan Herbs: "Bitter, cold and poisonous."
⑤ Guangxi Herbs Atlas: "Bitter taste, bitter taste and great toxicity."
Function is mainly used for expelling wind, attacking toxin, reducing swelling and relieving pain. Can be used for treating scabies, eczema, carbuncle, carbuncle swelling, furuncle, traumatic injury, rheumatic arthralgia, and neuralgia.
(1) Classic: "Golden sore, mammary abscess, middle yin wind, cough and asthma, edema."
(2) Don't record: "Syndrome accumulation, foot and knee pain, limb contracture, malignant scabies."
(3) Book of Materia Medica: "The main symptoms of throat obstruction are throat obstruction, voice change, cough due to adverse qi, and moderate warmth."
④ Compendium of Materia Medica: "Dispel wind and detoxify, and wash away weeds."
⑤ Ben Feng Jingyuan: "Purple people break blood accumulation, while young people break phlegm accumulation."
⑥ Collection of Lingnan Materia Medica: "No matter the roots, stems and leaves, they can dispel wind, clear away heat, detoxify and wash scabies with water." If the willow is poisonous and erupts, fry it in thick juice and soak it for two or three times. "
⑦ "Atlas of Guangxi Medicinal Plants": "Mashing and external application to treat traumatic injury, traumatic bleeding, syphilis and rheumatism; Make ointment and apply it on it to eliminate tumors. "
⑧ Manual of Chinese herbal medicines commonly used by Guangzhou Air Force: "Attack and draw poison, kill insects and relieve itching, dissipate blood stasis and relieve pain. Treat skin eczema, traumatic injury and closed fracture. "
Usage and dosage for external use: tamping or grinding, dressing; Decoct, washing or smoke.
Avoid this product being highly toxic. It can only be used externally, not internally.
Notes on Materia Medica: "Pinellia ternata makes it, but it hates Scutellaria baicalensis."
Prescription ① Treatment of scabies: Lysimachia christinae, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae, Indigo Naturalis, Galla Chinensis, dried alum, Semen Strychni and snake slough, each with two parts, Plum slices with four parts, and rosin and realgar with one or five parts. * * * is fine powder, melted with wax oil and pasted with ointment. (Annals of Lingnan Herbs)
② Treatment of scrofula: heartbroken grass root, red old cassava, two flavors are suitable. * * * Mash it, fry it in sour vinegar for one hour, pick it up, and apply it to the affected area for three days. (Annals of Lingnan Herbs)
③ Treatment of carbuncle and swelling: four ounces of raw Lysimachia christinae and five ounces of yellow sugar. * * * Tamp the affected area. (Atlas of Medicinal Plants in Guangxi)
④ Treatment of carbuncle: After drying and grinding Isatis indigotica in the sun, make it into ointment with vaseline and apply it to the affected area.
⑤ scabies in the first year of Ye: a catty of fresh tea medicine, washed with water, several times a day. After washing, the medicinal leaves stick to sores.
⑥ Treatment of carbuncle: tea and lime. The second taste is smashing, which refers to the third paragraph. If there is pus, it will collapse, and if there is no pus, it will disappear. (The following is the Chronology of Lingnan Materia Medica)
⑦ Treatment of rheumatic joint pain: one or two pieces of dry Lysimachia christinae, two pieces of Saposhnikovia divaricata and one piece of angelica pubescens. * * * Grind coarse powder and smoke the affected area with paper roll. (Atlas of Medicinal Plants in Guangxi)
⑧ Knife wound treatment: Mash the broken grass and apply the wound. (Annals of Lingnan Herbs)
Poisoning This product is highly toxic, especially roots and leaves (especially young leaves). It is easy to cause poisoning or even death after taking it by mistake. The main manifestations of poisoning are as follows: ① Neuromuscular symptoms: dizziness, slurred speech, muscle flaccidity and weakness, dysphagia, peripheral nerve paralysis of respiratory muscles, ataxia, coma, etc. ② Eye symptoms: diplopia, decreased vision, ptosis and dilated pupils. ③ Symptoms of digestive system: burning pain in mouth and throat, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, abdominal distension, etc. ④ Symptoms of circulatory and respiratory system: slow heartbeat in early stage, acceleration in late stage, dyspnea, respiratory paralysis, collapse, etc. The speed of symptoms is related to the method of taking. When the roots are decocted with water or fresh buds are taken, symptoms usually appear immediately, while those who take the roots appear slowly and take 2 hours to appear. Rescue methods: gastric lavage, vomiting, catharsis, infusion and symptomatic treatment. Traditional Chinese medicine can be taken with Sanhuang decoction (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Coptidis Rhizoma, Cortex Phellodendri, and Glycyrrhrizae Radix), water spinach juice or Centella asiatica tea oil mashed, and honeysuckle mashed and squeezed. Decocting with yellow sugar, Fructus Gardeniae (Rubiaceae) and lalang grass rhizome. Folk experience, with fresh sheep blood hot irrigation rescue, clinical confirmation, really effective.