I. Summary
Second, modern biotechnology and health.
1, protein and health in modern biotechnology
2. Sugar and health in modern biotechnology
3. Modern biotechnology and health
4. Modern biotechnology and health
Third, summary.
IV. Preface
V. Thanks
Reference of intransitive verbs
Key words: modern biotechnology, protein, sugar, fat, vitamins, health.
abstract
Modern biotechnology has attracted more and more attention because of its increasingly important economic value and scientific research value. It is estimated that biotechnology can create hundreds of billions of dollars for mankind, but more importantly, modern biotechnology has saved hundreds of millions of lives. The most typical example is the use of penicillin, because the use of penicillin has increased the average age of human beings by ten years. The use of biotechnology has also greatly improved human living conditions. As a big country with a population of1300 million, biotechnology plays an important role in ensuring people's health. So what is the connection between modern biotechnology and health? With these questions, our group made a survey. I hope you can have a deeper understanding of the relationship between modern biotechnology and health through our report on inquiry activities!
Modern biotechnology and health
1, protein and health in modern biotechnology
(1) Definition and Overview of protein
Protein is a complex organic compound, which used to be called "prion". The basic unit of protein is amino acid, which forms peptide chain through dehydration and condensation. Protein is a biomacromolecule composed of one or more polypeptide chains, each of which has 20 to hundreds of amino acid residues. Various amino acid residues are arranged in a certain order, and the amino acid sequence of protein is encoded by the corresponding gene. In addition to the 20 "standard" amino acids encoded by the genetic code, in protein, some amino acid residues can be modified after translation to change their chemical structure, thus activating or regulating protein. A variety of protein can be combined to form a stable protein complex, which can be folded or spiraled to form a certain spatial structure, thus playing a specific function. The organelle that produces protein is ribosome.
Protein is the material basis of life, and protein participates in every cell and all important parts of the body. Protein accounts for 16.3% of human body mass, that is, an adult weighing 60kg has about 9.8kg of protein in his body. There are many kinds of protein in human body, with different properties and functions, but they are all composed of more than 20 kinds of amino acids in different proportions, which are constantly metabolized and updated in the body. The ingested protein is digested and decomposed into amino acids in the body, which is mainly used to recombine into human protein according to a certain proportion after absorption. At the same time, the new protein is constantly metabolized and always in a dynamic balance. Therefore, the quality and quantity of food protein and the proportion of various amino acids are all related to the amount of protein synthesized by the human body, especially the growth and development of teenagers, the prenatal and postnatal care of pregnant women and the health and longevity of the elderly, which are closely related to the amount of protein in the diet.
(2) protein's physiological function.
1 constitutes the body of protein. Protein is the material basis of all life, an important part of body cells, and the main raw material for the renewal and repair of human tissues. Every tissue of the human body: hair, skin, bones, internal organs, brain, blood, nerves, etc. Are made up of protein, so diet makes people themselves. It can be seen that protein is very important for the growth and development of human body.
2. Repair human tissues. The human body is composed of100000000000000000000 cells, which are in an endless metabolic process of aging, death and rebirth. For example, the epidermis of young people is updated once every 28 days, while the gastric mucosa is completely updated in two or three days. Therefore, if a person has a good intake, absorption and utilization of protein, his skin will be shiny and elastic. On the contrary, people are often in a sub-health state. After tissue injury, if it cannot be repaired in time and with high quality, it will accelerate the decline of the body.
3. Maintain normal metabolism and transport of various substances in the body. Carrier protein is very important for maintaining normal life activities of human body. Can carry all kinds of substances in the body. For example, hemoglobin transports oxygen, lipoprotein transports fat, and receptors and transporters on cell membranes.
4. Albumin: Maintain the balance between osmotic pressure and body fluids.
5. Maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids.
6. Immune cells and immune proteins: albumin, lymphocytes, macrophages, antibodies (immunoglobulins), complements, interferon, etc. It is updated every seven days. When protein is abundant, this unit will be very strong. If necessary, it can be increased by 100 times in a few hours.
7. Various enzymes necessary for human body. There are thousands of enzymes in our body, and each enzyme can only catalyze one biochemical reaction. If the corresponding enzymes are sufficient, the reaction will proceed smoothly and quickly, and we will be full of energy and not easy to get sick. Otherwise, the reaction will slow down or be blocked.
8, the main raw materials of hormones. Hormones can regulate the physiological activities of various organs in the body. For example, insulin is composed of 5 1 amino acid molecule, and auxin is synthesized by 19 1 amino acid molecule.
9. It constitutes neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and serotonin. Maintain the normal functions of the nervous system: taste, vision and memory.
10, collagen: take in protein of the body, generate connective tissue and form bones of the body. Such as bones, blood vessels and ligaments. , determine the elasticity of the skin and protect the brain (a large part of brain cells are collagen cells, forming a blood-brain barrier to protect the brain).
1 1, providing energy for life activities.
(3) Modern biotechnology is mainly used in protein.
The quality of protein needed to keep healthy varies from person to person. Ordinary healthy men or women need about 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight. Babies, teenagers, pregnant women, the wounded and athletes usually need to consume more protein every day.
Protein deficiency: Adults: muscle wasting, decreased immunity, anemia, and severe edema. Minors: growth and development stagnation, anemia, poor intellectual development and poor eyesight.
Protein overdose: protein cannot be stored in the body, nor can it be absorbed by the body. Excessive intake of protein will lead to protein poisoning and even death due to metabolic disorder.
Faced with these problems, nutritionists adjust their diets according to the needs of different protein, and artificially add or reduce protein to ensure the relative stability of protein content in human body. On the other hand, biologists have developed some new drugs through biopharmaceutical technology, which can not only promote the transportation and absorption of protein, but also prevent protein degeneration caused by external environment or viruses. Of course, in clinical medicine, these denaturing factors are often used for disinfection and sterilization. It is also a necessary condition for the effective preservation of protein preparations (such as vaccines) to prevent protein degeneration. In addition, biotechnology currently used in protein also includes X-ray diffraction technology and magnetic vibration technology. Their application can effectively control and prepare protein and promote people's health.
2. Sugar and health in modern biotechnology
Definition and Overview of (1) Sugar
Sugar is an organic compound, and its chemical essence is polyhydroxy ketone and its derivatives. The main forms of sugar in human body are glucose and glycogen. Glucose is the transport form of sugar in the blood, which occupies a major position in the body's sugar metabolism. Glycogen is a polymer of glucose, including liver glycogen, muscle glycogen and kidney glycogen, which is the storage form of sugar in the body. Both glucose and glycogen can be oxidized in the body to provide energy.
Sugar in food is the main source of sugar in the body. After being ingested by human body and digested into monosaccharide, it is transported to various tissues and cells through blood for anabolism and catabolism. The metabolic pathways of sugar in the body mainly include anaerobic glycolysis of glucose, aerobic oxidation, pentose phosphate pathway, glycogen synthesis and glycogen decomposition, gluconeogenesis and other hexose metabolism.
(2) Physiological function of sugar
Sugar is one of the essential nutrients in our body. People eat grains, vegetables, etc. , into monosaccharides (such as glucose, etc. ) passes through the digestive system and is delivered to all cells as an energy source.
The glucose contained in the blood is called blood sugar. Most of the energy required for the activities of various tissues and cells in the body comes from glucose, so the blood sugar must be maintained at a certain level to maintain the needs of various organs and tissues in the body. The fasting blood glucose concentration of normal people in the morning is 80 ~ 1.20 mg%. Fasting blood glucose concentration exceeding 130 mg% is called hyperglycemia. If the blood glucose concentration exceeds 160 ~ 180 mg%, some glucose will be excreted with urine, which is called glycosuria. Blood sugar concentration below 70 mg% is called hypoglycemia. It can be seen in long-term hunger, continuous intense physical activity, serious liver and kidney diseases, hypofunction of anterior pituitary gland, hypofunction of adrenal cortex and so on. When hypoglycemia occurs, brain tissue first reacts to hypoglycemia, showing dizziness, palpitation, cold sweat and hunger. If blood sugar continues to drop below 45 mg%, hypoglycemia coma may occur.
If the sugar ingested from food cannot be consumed for a while, it will be converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles. The liver can store 70 ~ 120g, which is about 6 ~ 10% of the weight of the liver. The amount of glycogen that a cell can store is limited. If you eat too much sugar, the extra sugar will turn into fat. When the food is digested, the stored liver sugar becomes a normal sugar source to maintain the normal concentration of blood sugar. During strenuous exercise, or when food is not supplemented for a long time, liver sugar will also be consumed, and cells will decompose fat to provide energy.
The brain and nerve cells need sugar to survive. When necessary, the human body will secrete hormones, destroy some parts of the human body (such as muscles, skin and even organs), and turn protein into sugar to survive.
(3) Application of modern biotechnology in sugar production.
Because hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia are harmful to human body. To this end, in order to ensure the normal supply of sugar in the human body, relevant scientists provide patients with hypoglycemia with lozenges and sweets containing concentrated sugar. Concentrated sugar technology has been developed to ensure that they maintain a constant blood sugar concentration. For patients with hyperglycemia, hypoglycemic drugs are used for control. Clinically, too fast intravenous infusion of glucose can also lead to an increase in blood sugar. Therefore, for patients with hyperglycemia, the dripping speed should not be too fast, which is also based on certain biotechnology. So as to ensure people's health.
3. Modern Biotechnology Lipids and Health
Definition and overview of (1) lipid
Lipids are the general name of fats and lipids, which are a kind of organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solutions and can be used by the body. The fat is triglyceride or triglyceride. The physiological function of fat is to store energy and provide energy through oxidation. Lipids, including sterols and their lipids, phospholipids and glycolipids, are important components of cell membrane structure.
(2) Physiological functions and functions of lipids
Fat is an important energy storage substance for human body. When people eat too much, the body stores excess capacity in the form of fat. In the past days, under the influence of the old feudal ideas, people always regarded "fat head and big ears" as a symbol of wealth, even in today's society. But obesity is not wealth, but a burden. Obesity can bring many diseases, threaten health and even lead to death. When people are obese, the lipid content in the blood will naturally increase. With the whole blood circulation, they are 65438 0 times more than those with normal weight heart failure. Coronary heart disease is 2-5 times more; Hypertension is 2-6 times more; Diabetes is 4 times more; Gallstones are 4-6 times more. These diseases are the main killers of human health. For people in the growing stage, obesity not only has an intellectual impact, but also has a series of psychological effects.
Therefore, a reasonable diet is extremely important in daily life. Some people like big fish and big meat. When they are full, they tend to cultivate their self-cultivation and be as quiet as water. Living habits like this will one day lead to sudden death at the dinner table.
Cholesterol is converted from fat stored in the body. Cholesterol can synthesize milk, sebum and steroid hormones to ensure the normal operation of human internal and external subsystems. Cholesterol is also involved in the transport of lipids in the blood. However, excessive cholesterol oppresses blood vessels, reduces blood runoff, and leads to insufficient blood supply to the brain and congestion. , will seriously lead to death.
Sex hormone is a kind of hormone related to sex determination, which can promote the development of human and animal reproductive organs and the formation of germ cells. Omnivorous hormones can make human reproductive organs underdeveloped, endocrine disorders, and even become "bisexual" people, greatly shortening their life span.
(3) Application of modern biotechnology in oils and fats
Faced with these phenomena, biologists use modern fat dissolution technology to remove excess fat. By dissolving drugs, relieve blood vessels and dissolve excess cholesterol. In the face of heart failure patients caused by obesity, scientists also use cardiac tonic and other biochemical drugs for first aid, which slows down the morbidity and mortality to a certain extent and makes people's health continue.
4. Vitamins and health in modern biotechnology
(1), definition and overview of vitamins.
Vitamins are a group of nutrients that have been discovered in recent hundred years, and they are organic compounds that maintain the normal function of human body. They have the same characteristics: they don't provide heat, and they are not the structural components of organisms, but organic compounds necessary to maintain the normal growth, development and reproduction of the body, which play a role in regulating various functions of the body. The human body needs them very little, but when the supply is insufficient, various metabolic disorders and symptoms will appear, which is called vitamin deficiency.
(2) Types and applications of vitamins
V-A: Lack of vitamin A will cause skin aging. Vitamin A is an extremely important nutrient for the activities of endocrine glands such as thalamus and pituitary gland. If you want to stay young and beautiful, try to eat as many animal foods as possible, such as liver, lean meat and egg yolk.
B2: Vitamin B2 can promote the decomposition of fat.
V-B6: It is related to amino acids and metabolism, can promote the absorption of amino acids and the synthesis of protein, and has an influence on fat metabolism, which is closely related to sebum secretion.
V-L: Vitamin L deficiency will affect the formation of femoral fibrils in connective tissue.
V-E: It is recognized to have anti-aging effect and can promote skin blood circulation and granulation tissue growth.
Oryzanol is a natural substance extracted from rice oil, and its composition is a mixture of ferulic acid esters with triterpene (dilute alcohol) as the main component, which can regulate and activate the central function of plants. Can reduce the brittleness of capillaries, improve the blood circulation function of human skin, raise the skin temperature, and make blood flow on the skin surface of limbs? Increase, known as "beauty element"
In addition, oryzanol can also reduce blood lipids, and contains powerful growth promoting factors, which is helpful for the growth of our pro-teenagers.
(3) Application of modern biotechnology in vitamins.
In view of the lack of vitamins in human body, pharmacists and nutritionists concerned add appropriate vitamins to food and health care products. At the same time, biologists have done a lot of research in this field. Through biopharmaceutical technology, a large number of vitamins are synthesized into a small tablet to make a vitamin supplement tablet, which supplements the vitamins of urban people who prefer meat to vegetables to a certain extent, so that the vitamin content in the human body remains at a stable level and makes people healthier.
Summary:
"Body is the capital of revolution" A healthy body is the foundation of all our lives, but it is difficult for a person to be healthy, which is closely related to our daily eating habits and living habits. More importantly, whether we care for our health and whether we are determined to be a healthy person.
Sugar, fat, protein, etc. Are important substances that make up our bodies. Although the contents of vitamins and various inorganic salts in the human body are relatively small, their functions can not be ignored. The above substances * * * maintain our life activities. As mentioned earlier, the specific effects of various vitamins, inorganic salts, sugars, fats and protein on the human body are listed one by one, such as their effects on the growth of the body and the functions of body organs. At the same time, they also warn us that if we lack these substances, there will be serious consequences.
However, these substances come from our daily food, so a reasonable diet is very important, which is also the only way to maintain our health. With the development of science and technology, biologists have focused their attention on human nutrition and health. Scientists have developed new biotechnology to improve people's physical condition and alleviate the pain and injury of many people.
As young people, we are in the golden stage of physical development, so we should pay more attention to our eating habits and develop good living habits, which will play a decisive role in our future life.
Late order
Nowadays, it is necessary to learn biotechnology well. Biotechnology has brought countless changes to human life. "Human Genome Project" and "Cloning Technology" are the most popular biotechnology projects at present. And most of the drugs in our lives are obtained through biotechnology. It's hard to imagine what our life would be like without biotechnology. I think it must be very bad, even our life span will be shortened, and more and more problems directly threaten people's lives. Without the research and application of biotechnology to protein, vitamins and other important substances in the human body, we would know nothing about ourselves, let alone our health, so modern biotechnology protects our own health. Modern biotechnology cannot be ignored. We have the responsibility to develop modern biotechnology.
Ming Hsieh
Through this exploration activity, everyone has a clear division of labor and has painstakingly completed their respective tasks. I want to thank all the members of this group, as well as the publishers who provided us with information and our instructors. With everyone's cooperation, this exploration activity finally came to a successful conclusion. Thanks again!
References:
1, Compulsory Biology 1 People's Education Press
2, "Biochemistry" Sixth Edition People's Health Publishing House
Editor: Zhou Airu
Deputy Editor: Cha Xiliang
3. Get on the Health Express, Beijing Publishing House
Editor: Guan Chunruo
4. Beijing Education Publishing House revised the Handbook of Basic Biology for Senior High School for the seventh time.
Editor: Xue Jinxing
This is the pattern written by our group, that's all.