What is the quality standard of sperm?

(1) Sperm volume: normal ≥2ml, too much when it exceeds 7ml, which not only reduces the sperm density, but also easily flows out of the vagina, resulting in a decrease in the total number of sperm, which is common in seminal vesiculitis; Less than 2ml means too little semen, but usually less than 1ml. At this time, the contact area between semen and female genital tract is small, or the viscosity is not conducive to sperm entering the woman's cervix, leading to infertility, which is common in severe accessory gonad inflammation, low testosterone level, ejaculatory duct obstruction, retrograde ejaculation and so on. (2) Color: normally gray or yellowish. Milky white or yellow-green indicates inflammation of reproductive tract or accessory gonad; Microscopically, pink, red and red blood cells are bloody semen, which is common in inflammation of accessory gonads and posterior urethra, and occasionally seen in tuberculosis or tumors. (3) pH value: The normal pH value of semen is 7.2 ~ 7.8. Less than 7.2 is seen in ejaculatory duct obstruction or urine pollution. More than 7.8 is found in seminal vesicle inflammation or old specimens. (4) Liquefaction time: After normal semen is injected, it becomes gelatinous under the action of seminal vesicle coagulase, and after 15~30 minutes, it becomes liquid under the action of prostatic liquefying enzyme, that is, semen liquefaction. It is abnormal that semen still does not liquefy after 30 minutes of injection. (5) Viscosity: contact the glass rod with liquefied semen and gently pull it out. The normal length is less than 2 cm. (6) Sperm count: generally expressed by the number of sperm per milliliter of semen. Normal count ≥20× 106/ml. Below this value, there are too few sperm, which can be seen in the dysfunction of spermatogenesis caused by various reasons, and may lead to low fertility or infertility due to the decrease of the chance of sperm entering the uterine cavity and fallopian tube. For example, the sperm count is more than 250× 106. Infertility may also be due to the influence of its initiative. (7) Sperm morphology: Sperm with normal morphology ≥50%, otherwise it may cause infertility. (8) Sperm motility: more than 50% belong to Grade A and B (A, B, C, D in the order of semen quality), that is, the sperm moves forward rapidly in a straight line ≥50%. (9) White blood cells: 1× 106/ml. Leukocytosis indicates that there is infection in reproductive tract or accessory gonad. (10) Survival rate: after ejaculation usually refers to 1 hour, and the live sperm is ≥50%. The common reasons for the decline of sperm motility and survival rate are accessory gonad inflammation, varicocele and ciliary stagnation syndrome caused by chronic respiratory infection.