What are the significance and methods of enterprise fund management?
First, the importance of enterprise capital management analysis
1, fund management is an important guarantee for the effective use of funds and can improve the efficiency of the use of funds.
Enterprises should ensure that the use of funds is planned and budgeted. Enterprises should make reasonable plans and pay according to the specific use of funds. They must not blindly use funds, while maintaining a reasonable amount of funds. Too little or too much retained funds may reduce the ability of enterprises to repay debts and have a negative impact on enterprises. However, holding too much capital may cause a waste of resources, and enterprises should find an optimal balance point to ensure that their own funds are kept within a reasonable range. In this way, enterprises can use limited funds on the "cutting edge" and greatly improve the efficiency of the use of funds.
2. Strengthening fund management can standardize the economic behavior of enterprises and promote the healthy development of enterprises.
The situation of fund management will have an impact on the economic benefits of enterprises. There are many cases in which the operating efficiency and benefit decrease because of problems in fund management. Therefore, fund management plays a very important role in the daily management and operation of enterprises. It can restrain the financial personnel's economic behavior, reduce the probability of financial personnel's economic fraud, and make them dare not misappropriate funds and embezzle, thus playing a better role in restraining.
Nowadays, fund management is no longer the responsibility of the financial department. All departments at all levels of enterprises should actively participate in the process of fund management, complete the fund work from bottom to top, so that enterprises can form a joint force, thus effectively ensuring the smooth realization of fund management and even financial work, continuously improving the economic and social benefits of enterprises, and then promoting the healthy production and sustainable development of enterprises.
Two, improve the enterprise fund management countermeasures and measures
1. Standardize fund management and improve the level of fund analysis.
First, the operation of funds should be guaranteed by a sound system, and enterprises must improve and perfect the examination and approval system of funds. The business manager of the enterprise shall fill in an application form for payment for the use of funds, including the amount of funds used, business content, manager's name, time, payment method, bank, payee and other matters, and shall be signed by the competent person for approval. After authorization, it must be reviewed by the financial department to ensure that there are no problems in the above procedures before payment can be made.
The second is to improve and perfect the enterprise's fund tracking system, avoid the phenomenon of fund misappropriation and prevent the loss of funds; At the same time, it is necessary to improve the reward and punishment mechanism for the use of funds, so that the system can be effectively applied to the practice of enterprises, and truly reward the excellent and punish the poor, so as not to make the system a dead letter.
Third, follow the principle of storage cost, scientifically determine the stock of enterprise assets, and analyze the capital cost, management cost and shortage cost of various assets around it on the basis and premise of normal production and operation, so as to minimize the sum of the three, reduce the capital cost and management cost, strengthen the refinement of management, and gradually change the traditional "quality" management into "quantity" management, thus continuously improving the fund management level of enterprises.
Fourth, the preparation of cash flow statement should be periodic, and at the same time, it should reflect the operation of funds around cash and strengthen the analysis of funds. Among the various states in which funds exist, cash is the most active form of expression, and it is also the end and starting point of capital circulation. Therefore, for managers of enterprises, the information of cash flow is often more important than the movement of funds, so enterprises must strengthen the monitoring of cash management.
2. Realize centralized management of funds and facilitate unified deployment.
At present, opening more accounts is an important problem faced by enterprise fund management. Nowadays, the external market environment in which enterprises are located is becoming more and more fierce, which also intensifies this phenomenon, which eventually leads to the precipitation of funds, inconvenient use and distribution, and poor flexibility.
There are different reasons for enterprises to open more accounts, because each bank has different strength, provides different financial services and innovation capabilities, and develops different financial products, which eventually leads to the phenomenon of enterprises opening more accounts. This phenomenon has both advantages and disadvantages. In order to better deal with this problem, enterprises should focus on the following points: first, enterprises must grasp the degree to which banks can meet their own needs according to their actual needs and try their best to do so.
Second, enterprises can set up full-time personnel to manage accounts, clean up accounts regularly or irregularly, and cancel accounts that are not commonly used as soon as possible. Third, when dealing with reserved accounts, we should realize the reasonable collection of funds. Because the deposit and idleness of funds will reduce its use efficiency, which is not conducive to managers' control of funds and investment decisions, enterprises should realize centralized management of funds, improve the use efficiency of funds and improve financial management.
3, pay attention to improving the budget, inward and outward expansion.
In order to improve the level of fund management, we should also focus on strengthening the fund budget work. Budget can effectively control the income and expenditure of funds. It is an integral part of an enterprise's overall budget, which provides guarantee for all aspects of enterprise management and operation. Enterprises should improve the budget committee, co-ordinate the budget work, the committee takes the lead, the management attaches importance to it, and all employees participate. According to the process of combining up and down, summarizing step by step and compiling at different levels, the fixed budget and flexible budget, rolling budget and regular budget are combined to compile, and various expenditures are reasonably reduced internally according to the principle of internal insurance and external expansion;
Externally, it is necessary to explore financing channels in combination with the actual business situation of enterprises to reduce the risks brought by enterprise capital turnover. On the other hand, it is also necessary to monitor the use of budget funds in real time, improve the budget coordination mechanism and early warning and supervision mechanism, and at the same time formulate the corresponding budget evaluation performance system to ensure the strictness of budget preparation and the stability of implementation, and at the same time do a good job in relevant evaluation, give full play to the incentive role, and never let the budget become a mere formality for enterprises.
Further reading
How to manage enterprise funds?
Step 1: Safety management of funds
For enterprises, the minimum requirement of fund management is that funds do not lose money. Ensuring the safety of funds is the first step of enterprise fund management.
Share a case with you. In the afternoon, the accountant of a company received the message of "Boss" on WeChat: 1 10,000 yuan to be transferred to an account. The accountant received the notice from the "boss" and did it quickly. The next morning, the accountant told the boss about it, and the boss knew nothing about it. Obviously, the company was cheated of its money. Similar cases seem to have happened more than once. When the company loses money, the boss is unwilling to take the company to court and claim compensation from the accountant. Everyone thinks, should the accountant compensate? How much should I pay?
I have seen many court decisions in similar cases, and the verdict is that the accountant bears 20% of the losses. I think this judgment is reasonable. The result of this judgment, on the one hand, makes it clear that accountants should be responsible for the consequences of financial losses, on the other hand, it also makes it clear that the main responsible person for this consequence is not accountants.
The money was cheated. Is the accountant not responsible enough? Not necessarily. As soon as the accountant received the notice from the boss, he immediately typed out the money, which just shows that the enthusiasm and enthusiasm of the accountant is no problem. What is the problem of accounting? She is not careful enough. If accounting prudence is not enough, will the company inevitably lose money and will the safety of funds inevitably lead to risks? Not necessarily.
The company's fund management should implement the principles of incompatible job separation, examination and approval, and rights restriction. Hand over a sum of money and you can't operate it alone. An accountant can type out the money without the approval and signature of the company leader and the review of payment, which shows that there is something wrong with the company's internal control design. Imperfect internal control of the company is the fundamental reason for funds being cheated.
In fact, there is also the personal responsibility of the boss. The boss is used to bossiness at ordinary times, and employees dare not raise objections or question them. Employees don't listen to him at all. He either criticizes or scolds. This may be the apparent reason why the accountant rushed to handle the will of the "boss" without verification.
This is a very small case to illustrate the importance of improving the internal control process to ensure the safety of funds.
The narrow sense of capital security is naturally to manage monetary funds well. Broadly speaking, capital security includes working capital security and investment security. Don't lose money, don't let it be cheated, it's just a superficial requirement for the safety of funds. The key to ensure the safety of funds lies in: in the process of operation, don't let assets depreciate or drain; Don't invest blindly and willfully, and don't cause investment losses.
Enterprises should always be alert to the safety of funds, especially the safety of working capital. For example, inventory backlog leads to price reduction losses; Accounts receivable remain high, resulting in bad debt losses; In addition, the opportunity cost of the two is also the invisible loss of funds.
The security of funds is the first step of fund management. This step is unstable, and the damage to the company is endless.
Step 2: Fund income management.
After talking about the safety management of funds, let's talk about the income management of funds. Money needs to be used to create income, and money can't lie on the account.
Even if it is deposited in a bank, the interest income is different according to different deposit methods. For example, short-term unused funds can be made into time deposits or seven-day notice deposits. In the past, when I was in charge of finance in an enterprise, every long holiday like Spring Festival and National Day, I would ask the cashier to collect the bank deposit and make it a seven-day notice deposit. Naturally, I hope that funds can earn more interest.
The core idea of improving the profit of enterprise's capital use is to allocate the money to the place that can produce the greatest profit.
Walking through an apple orchard, anyone can pick the fruit under the apple tree. Because there is plenty of light, only the fruit on the crown is the best. Who can pick the fruit from the crown? There is no doubt that the man who built the ladder. Only those enterprises that are really willing to dig deep into a certain field, regardless of climbing to the top, can take a ladder and pick the reddest, largest and sweetest fruits in the market.
In the long run, in order to get a higher return on capital, enterprises should continue to invest capital in the process of "building ladders". The investment in building ladders is a strategic investment of the company. Channel construction and R&D are the two most important ladders for enterprises. The process of building the ladder is long and arduous, and there is no return in the short term, but in the long run, the return is rich.
Now everyone praises Huawei. I think a great part of your praise is due to the foresight of Mr. Ren Zheng Fei. Take Huawei's spare tire plan as an example. The spare tire is ready, but it's useless. All investments are sunk costs. But once the spare tire is used, the company can fight back. Because the United States continued to suppress, Huawei's spare tires were able to turn positive overnight.
Capital has both short-term and long-term benefits. Strategic investment is to raise the threshold of market competition and seize long-term benefits.
The third step: efficient management of funds.
Let's talk about the third step of fund management to improve the efficiency of fund use. Improving the efficiency of capital use means making money flow faster. The faster the capital turnover, the higher the company's income. From this perspective, the efficiency management of the fund is consistent with the income management of the fund.
For example, if you invest 6,543,800 yuan to operate, you have two choices: one is to sell breakfast milk and settle accounts every day, but the gross profit margin of sales is low, only 2%; Another business is selling computers, with a gross profit margin of 20%. What line of work do you choose to do?
From the perspective of gross profit margin, selling computers is more profitable. If combined with capital turnover, selling breakfast milk is more profitable. Although the gross profit margin of selling breakfast milk is low, the capital turnover is fast, earning 2,000 a day and 730,000 a year. Selling computers earns 20,000 yuan in January, and can only do 12 business a year, with a profit of only 240,000 yuan a year. The profit difference between the two businesses perfectly reflects the value of capital turnover efficiency.
On the one hand, the company's profit depends on how much money it earns in each business, on the other hand, it depends on how many businesses it can do in a year. With the same principal investment, if we can do more business, the company's profits will definitely be more. This is the significance and value of capital efficiency management.
How to improve the capital flow of enterprises?
First, standardize cash flow management.
As the saying goes, there is no Fiona Fang without rules. Enterprises with strict rules and regulations can often go further, so should cash flow management. Old account opening suggests standardizing cash flow management. First, we should sort out expenditure and income, and conduct accounting as two independent lines to ensure that the income and expenditure accounts are clear and clear. On the income line, all departments involved in cash income need to be included in the statistical summary of the financial department, and departments are not allowed to intercept cash at will; In the expenditure line, the expenditure should be strictly implemented in accordance with enterprise regulations, and the financial department should check the appropriation and accurately record the amount, purpose and time. Ensuring the standardization and accuracy of capital income and expenditure is the main point of improving capital flow that we are talking about today. After the establishment of the revenue and expenditure line standard, enterprises should understand three points, namely, capital flow, capital flow and capital flow.
1. First, the flow of funds. Income accounts and expenditure accounts should be set up within the enterprise, and the income and expenditure of each department should be managed by the financial center.
2. Second, capital flows. Enterprises need to ensure that they have accurate cash flow, and it is forbidden for departments to set up "small treasury" privately to ensure that they have the cash flow of enterprises at this stage. On this basis, strengthen the business processing skills of the financial department, use the technology platform, speed up the efficiency of enterprise capital statistics and settlement, shorten the capital turnover cycle as much as possible, and reduce the backlog.
3. Finally, capital flows. This is mainly the program setting for managing capital flow. Only under the strict and standardized management mode can the two revenue and expenditure management lines mentioned above produce the greatest benefits. The capital flow of an enterprise should include revenue and expenditure fund management, revenue and expenditure double-line organization guarantee, account management and fund safety regulations, internal settlement and credit control, etc. In a word, two lines are the basic mode of enterprise fund management, but enterprises don't have to apply them rigidly. They should develop themselves according to their own specific conditions and combined with effective models.
Second, shorten the cycle and avoid cash supply interruption.
According to the observation of the old account owners, in the past two years when the epidemic struck, many small and micro enterprises have fallen in the shadow of the cash flow break. Business came into being, but the customer defaulted on the payment, which led to the problem of enterprise capital flow step by step.
In this case, in order to speed up the withdrawal of funds and shorten the waiting time for payment, enterprises can provide corresponding discount models for accounts receivable, such as 1%~3% discount for customers who pay within a time limit, which is usually quite effective.
Of course, enterprises should strengthen their ability to identify business and partners, understand each other's strength and credit, choose to cooperate with high-quality customers, and refuse to cooperate with customers who have repeatedly failed to pay or delayed payment.