Next, let's look at seven opinions of psychologists.
Psychodynamics: Behavior is driven or stimulated by powerful internal forces. This school believes that human behavior is produced by instinct and biological drive, and the problem to be solved is the conflict between individual needs and external needs.
The founder of this theory is the famous Freud, who believes that human behavior is driven by a complex combination of internal and external forces.
Freud mainly studied the influence of early childhood on people, and his research influenced many disciplines.
After Freud, many psychologists adopted the psychological dynamic model.
? Here, some popular self-driven growth has learned the research and some achievements of this school. Let's talk about an article I learned before, "How to choose A? Occupation, one of the octopus whose theme is desire, is to explore ourselves through all our desires?
? What we see is looking for love, being good at love, mission and so on. Many of them are studies of this school ~
Behaviorism: trying to understand how specific environmental stimuli control specific types of behavior. ? Usually, it is to analyze the previous environmental conditions-the environmental conditions that exist before the behavior, and set the activity scene for the individual to produce or inhibit the reaction.
Secondly, regard the behavioral response of the research object as the action you want to understand, predict and control, and finally look at the observable results after the response (refer to behavioral economics).
John Watson is a pioneer of behaviorism, [he thinks that psychological research should look for the laws that control the observable behavior of different species]
B.F. Skinner expanded the analysis of behavioral results and expanded the influence of behaviorism.
Their research is similar: there must be strict standards to accurately define the research object and evidence, behaviorism has an important influence on psychological research, and strict experiments and precise definitions of variables have influenced most fields of psychology.
Many basic experimental principles of behaviorism in animals have been widely applied to human problems, resulting in a set of more humanized parenting methods, which is the basis of many active educational research.
? I have thought about the influence of the environment on people before, and I have a feeling that we are like a seed and the environment is the soil.
Humanism: This appears almost at the same time as the first two theories. According to this school, the main task of human beings is to constantly develop their own potential, and more is to study the behavior patterns in the process of life (human beings are dynamic creatures with good nature and the ability to choose).
Carl Rogers emphasized that individuals have a natural tendency towards psychological growth and health, which will be promoted by the active attention of people around them.
Maslow: To describe "self-realization", everyone has the motivation to pursue the maximum development of their potential. Rogers and Maslow and their colleagues established the viewpoint of studying the whole person (psychology, body, behavior, social culture, etc.).
Humanism has expanded the field of psychology and absorbed valuable contents in literature, history and art research.
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Cognitive point of view: the center is human thinking and all cognitive processes-attention, thinking, memory and understanding, which was born as a supplement and challenge to the missing part of behaviorism. It is to study advanced psychological processes on multiple levels, so that psychological research is more advanced and accurate (just as with the evolution of technical tools, we can study quantum mechanics today).
Many people believe that cognitive perspectives have become the mainstream of psychology today: perception, memory, language use, problem solving and decision-making.
Biological point of view: look for the causes of behavior in genes, brain, nervous system and endocrine system.
For example, experience and behavior are largely understood as the result of chemical and electrical activities occurring within and between nerve cells.
The view of this school: behavior depends on physiological structure and genetic process. Experience can change behavior by changing basic biological structures and processes.
? The research here has also promoted the development of an interdisciplinary field: behavioral neuroscience.
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Evolutionary point of view: to seek the connection between contemporary psychology and Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, the core idea of life science.
This school believes that psychological ability, like physical ability, has reached a specific adaptation goal after millions of years of evolution.
? The most typical part of their research is to take the extremely long evolutionary process as the main explanation principle.
Socio-cultural perspective: the causes and results of behavioral differences in cross-cultural research
It is also similar to the missing research part: a study tries to determine whether the theory developed by researchers applies to all people or only to a small number of specific groups.
? They pose a continuous and important challenge to the theory of ignoring cultural differences and richness.
? Here we have a simple understanding of seven viewpoints, so have you found some roots of psychological common sense in your mind? For us, these are more like puzzles, which make our cognitive map about psychology more complete and professional.
? The research of contemporary psychology mostly adopts multi-perspective methods.