China Ocean
The ocean is the mother of the earth. Without the ocean, there would be no living things, and there would be no us humans. We should cherish and cherish the ocean and rely on it for development. As a treasure house of blue, the ocean has long attracted the attention of people of insight. As early as 2,500 years ago, the ancient Greek oceanographer Mitty stokely predicted that "whoever controls the ocean will control everything". We can't help but admire this saint's foresight. The vast ocean accounts for about 765,438+0% of the earth's area. It stores 97% of the earth's total water, inhabits more than 200,000 kinds of creatures, and contains 80% of protein and 75% of oil and natural gas in the world. It was not only the cradle of human civilization, but also the stage of world economy and "international competition".
China is a big maritime country with a coastline of 32,000 kilometers on the mainland and islands. In addition to 9.6 million square kilometers of land, there are 3 million square kilometers of "blue land", including inland sea, territorial sea, contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf. There are extremely rich resources, such as energy, metal minerals, chemical raw materials, food, medicine, coral reefs, sea willows and other underwater plants, and the most important thing is water, space and environment. At present, the proven resources are: (1) shallow beach resources with a wide area; (2) Excellent harbor above160; (3) There are many kinds, with more than 20,000 kinds recorded; (4) Oil and gas fields with tens of tons of reserves; (5) More than 800 mineral deposits; (6) Seawater rich in salt and other chemical raw materials; (7) Huge renewable energy such as tides, waves, ocean currents, salt difference and temperature difference. There are many unexplored resources, such as methane buried under the deep sea, which forms crystals similar to dry ice due to low temperature and high pressure, and is called combustible ice or natural gas hydrate under the ocean. In the future, the exploitation of this energy alone will be enough for human beings to use for hundreds of years. Therefore, scientists believe that human beings will return to the ocean in 2 1 century, which is called the ocean century.
Second, the current situation of marine environmental pollution in China
At present, generally speaking, China's marine environment is still good. However, in some coastal bays, estuaries and local sea areas, such as Dalian Bay, Liaohe Estuary, Jinzhou Bay, Bohai Bay, Laizhou Bay and Jiaozhou Bay, environmental pollution is serious. Some marine aquatic resources declined, the catch decreased, a few precious seafood were damaged, and the quality of some marine aquatic resources was affected; Some beaches were abandoned and the coastal environment was destroyed. As far as the sea area is concerned, the pollution along the Bohai Sea is serious, followed by the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea, and the pollution in the South China Sea is light and basically normal. For a long time, China's marine resources and environment have obviously deteriorated due to people's lack of awareness of protection, light protection and heavy development, too much demand and too little investment in the ocean, and inadequate implementation of national laws, regulations and policies in some areas, and lack of effective measures to protect the marine ecological environment. First, disorderly and excessive marine development has seriously damaged the marine ecological environment. In 1960s and 1970s, a wave of land reclamation rose in China. Since 1980s, due to the rise of mariculture, the wave of land reclamation has reappeared in coastal areas. Due to the disorderly development and utilization of coastal waters, bays and coastal ecosystems, such as red forests, coral reefs, coastal wetlands, seagrass beds, estuaries, etc. It has been severely damaged and its distribution area has shrunk, which has caused many marine organisms such as fish, shrimp, shellfish and algae to lose their breeding and growth habitats and accelerated the degradation, endangerment and extinction of marine organisms. For example, Haimen Bay and Qiwang Bay, which are called "Golden Bay" and "Silver Bay" in history, have been desertified, and the Chinese white dolphin (commonly known as "white goose") in Haimen Bay has disappeared; Second, the control measures of marine fishing intensity are not effective, which leads to a sharp decline in fishery resources. Since the reform and opening up, the number of fishing boats has soared, and the fishing capacity has greatly exceeded the renewable capacity of resources, resulting in the phenomenon of cold fishing and overfishing, which has changed or shrunk the fishing grounds, significantly reduced the catch, reduced the density of offshore resources by seven or eight times compared with the early 1980 s, basically disappeared the traditional 20 closed fishing periods along the coast, and some species even reached the point of endangerment. Such as money fish, whales, green turtles, limulus, nautilus and so on. Third, the intensification of marine environmental pollution leads to frequent red tides. With the development of industrial and agricultural production and the improvement of people's living standards, a large number of untreated industrial sewage and domestic sewage are continuously discharged into rivers, lakes and finally into the ocean. The ocean has become an invisible "garbage dump" for land sewage and garbage, and the self-purification ability of coastal areas and sea areas has been declining, which has seriously polluted marine water bodies and led to frequent red tides. According to relevant data, there were three red tides before the 1970s, nine in the 1970s, 29 in the 1980s and 200 after the 1990s. For example, last year, red tides appeared in the Pearl River Estuary and the coastal areas of eastern Guangdong. The occurrence of red tide does harm to marine life such as fish, shrimp and shellfish and the seawater quality environment. In particular, it is more harmful to mariculture and the economic loss is hundreds of millions.
To sum up, China's coastal ecological environment has been damaged to a certain extent. 2 1 century, the first thing to do is to protect and improve the coastal waters and restore the marine ecological environment. Secondly, we should intensify the development of the ocean, so that the ocean can provide more resources for mankind, improve China's comprehensive national strength and people's quality of life, and build China into a veritable maritime power.
Three. Basic policies and main measures of marine environmental protection in China;
The marine environment is different from the land environment. Once it is polluted, even if measures are taken, it is difficult to eliminate its harm in a short time. Because it takes longer time to control marine pollution than land pollution, the technology is complex, difficult and expensive, and it is not easy to get good results. Therefore, to protect the marine environment, we should give priority to prevention, combine prevention with control, rationally develop and comprehensively utilize it. This should be said to be the basic strategy to protect the marine environment. Protecting the marine environment requires not only correct marine development policies and advanced science and technology, but also a set of scientific and strict management systems and methods, especially the management of pollution sources, which is an important link in marine environmental protection. The self-purification ability of the ocean is also a resource. It is necessary to make full use of the self-purification capacity of the sea area, reduce the cost of treating "three wastes", develop production, and effectively control the influx of pollutants at the same time, so as to avoid the detour of pollution first and then treatment.
Over the years, while vigorously developing industry and agriculture, China has made great achievements in treating industrial "three wastes" and made great efforts in technological innovation and comprehensive utilization in order to eliminate pollution, protect and improve the environment, safeguard people's health and promote socialist construction. On the basis of extensive investigation and accumulation of many valuable experiences, the basic policy of environmental protection in China has been formulated, which is "overall planning, rational layout, comprehensive utilization, turning harm into benefit, relying on the masses, making joint efforts to protect the environment and benefit the people". Practice has proved that this is also the correct policy to do a good job in marine environmental protection.
"Overall planning and rational layout" is an extremely important measure to protect the environment and nip in the bud, and it is also the embodiment of implementing the policy of putting prevention first and combining prevention with control. When arranging the national economic plan and developing industrial and agricultural production, we must make overall consideration and correctly handle the relationship between industry and agriculture, heavy industry and light industry, coastal industry and inland industry, urban and rural areas, production and life, economic development and environmental protection. It is necessary to combine the protection of natural resources with the rational utilization of natural resources, strengthen planning, science and foresight, and avoid blindness and one-sidedness. We should combine short-term interests with long-term interests and strive to avoid or reduce the damage to natural resources and the impact on the environment after development. In the development and layout of marine resources such as industry, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing, salt, sideline and aquaculture, we should not only pay attention to the conditions of raw materials, power, water sources and transportation, but also consider the characteristics of geology, topography, marine hydrology, meteorological conditions and biological resources, make comprehensive research, weigh the advantages and disadvantages, coordinate and unify, and oppose going its own way. We can't just focus on production, nor can we ignore environmental protection. We can't just focus on utilization, regardless of the protection of resources and the environment.
"Comprehensive utilization, turning harm into benefit" is an effective way to develop socialist enterprises and eliminate environmental pollution. "Harm" and "benefit" are contradictions of unity of opposites and can be transformed into each other under certain conditions. Harm is caused by waste in production, and waste and treasure are contradictions of unity of opposites. Under certain conditions, they can also be transformed into each other. The condition to promote this transformation is comprehensive utilization. The content of comprehensive utilization is very wide, on the one hand, it refers to the comprehensive utilization of resources themselves, on the other hand, it is necessary to establish an economic and reasonable joint enterprise. Only by combining the treatment of industrial "three wastes" with the technological transformation of enterprises and the comprehensive utilization of resources can we eliminate the harmful substances in the "three wastes" in the production process as much as possible, make full use of many "three wastes" that were originally discarded for harm, make great efforts to carry out technological transformation and innovation, turn waste into treasure, harm into benefit, and realize less investment.
"Rely on the masses, everyone does it" is the embodiment of the party's mass line in marine environmental protection, and it is also an important guarantee to strengthen environmental protection. Protecting and improving the environment is related to the vital interests of the broad masses of the people, involving everyone and all aspects. Only by relying on the masses, fully mobilizing the enthusiasm of the broad masses of the people, everyone acting, everyone caring, and everyone working together in Qi Xin can marine environmental protection work be carried out smoothly, a number of marine environmental protection measures can be implemented, and marine environmental protection work can be done well. Therefore, marine environmental protection work must adhere to the mass line and mobilize the masses freely.
"Protecting the environment and benefiting people" is the fundamental and most important purpose of environmental protection. Fundamentally speaking, environmental protection is to protect people's health, develop socialist production, benefit people, seek more happiness for people, and build China into a more beautiful and prosperous country.
China has a superior socialist system, which provides the greatest possibility and great advantage for preventing and eliminating pollution and rapidly developing marine environmental science. China government has always attached importance to environmental protection and improvement. As early as the founding of New China, the government demanded that the safety, health and basic welfare of workers should be paid attention to while increasing production and saving. It is required that while building socialist industry, we must pay attention to protecting and improving the environment, and we must never do anything that harms future generations. The government of China has instructed many times to make rational use of natural resources, actively carry out comprehensive utilization, and correctly handle the relationship between resource development and environmental protection. Later, in view of the environmental pollution situation in China, we formulated the 32-word policy of environmental protection in line with China's national conditions, promulgated the Regulations on the Prevention and Control of Industrial "Three Wastes" Discharge and Coastal Water Pollution in China, and adopted many effective measures, such as applying new technologies and new processes, shortening the process, preventing waste water loss, eradicating pollution sources, and comprehensively utilizing and equipping environmental pollutant treatment facilities. For some factories that are not suitable for the city, move and transfer; Reasonable closure, closure, merger or transformation of those enterprises that are still difficult to manage or hinder the appearance of the city. Use a variety of methods to control pollution sources. Because industrial wastewater is an important source of marine pollution, controlling the discharge of industrial wastewater is still an important way to reduce marine pollution. At the same time, a large number of "garden-style" factories have emerged through afforestation, rectification of factory capacity, greening of the environment and patriotic health campaign, which has found a good way to rectify and manage large factories.
In terms of organization and implementation, the State Council has established an environmental protection authority and a "three wastes" management agency, and various provinces, municipalities and districts have also established corresponding specialized leadership and management agencies to be responsible for leading and managing the environmental protection work in various parts of China and coastal waters. While improving the leading institutions, a series of marine environmental scientific research institutions and monitoring institutions have been established, and scientific and technical personnel have been actively organized to investigate and monitor the pollution in the coastal areas, key harbors and estuaries of China, providing a scientific basis for the control and management of marine pollution. Coastal petrochemical enterprises, according to the "three wastes" treatment measures, should not only have sewage treatment devices, but also have monitoring institutions. Relevant environmental protection departments are strengthening supervision and inspection and implementing effective prevention and control management according to local conditions. At present, China has established a coastal pollution monitoring network, published a report on marine pollution, and assessed the environmental quality of marine areas. For example, "China Patrol 1 1" under the State Oceanic Administration is a law enforcement ship that carries out marine environmental monitoring, surveillance and law enforcement management in the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea. The ship is equipped with special instruments and equipment for marine environmental investigation and monitoring, and laboratories for marine hydrology, chemistry, geology and biology to conduct on-site analysis on dissolved oxygen, pH value, chemical oxygen consumption, oil, mercury, chromium and lead.
In addition to a large number of basic environmental surveys, China has also made great efforts to carry out scientific research on marine environment, such as marine environmental quality assessment, Marine pollution detection technology and methods, the impact of marine pollution on biological resources, the impact of marine development on the environment, the migration law of oil and metal pollutants, the determination of seawater quality standards and fishery water quality standards, and aerial remote sensing of marine pollution. In order to unify the methods and technical specifications of marine pollution investigation in China, the Code of Marine Pollution Investigation in China was compiled. In addition, relevant institutions of higher learning have also set up and set up specialized courses on marine pollution, so as to train relevant professionals to meet the needs of marine environmental protection in China.
Another important measure to protect the marine environment is to manage the marine environment and formulate and improve the necessary laws and regulations. As early as the mid-1950s and early 1960s, China promulgated a series of laws and regulations on ships, ports, shipping and maritime handling. 1974, the State Council approved the "Interim Provisions on Prevention and Control of Pollution in Coastal Waters of People's Republic of China (PRC)" and tried it out internally.
In order to protect China's aquatic resources,1June, 955, the State Council promulgated the No Fishing Zone Order for Mobile Trawls in Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea. 1August, 957, the State Council made supplementary provisions. In June, 1956, 1 1 issued the "Instructions on Implementing Resource Protection Policy, Effectively Arranging Fishing Ground, and Transforming Ship-net Tools". 1957 In April, the Provisional Regulations on the Protection of Aquaculture Resources (Draft) was promulgated. According to this regulation, coastal provinces and cities have formulated reproductive protection measures respectively. 1957 In July, the "Instructions on Handling Ships Invading Fishing Areas" was issued. 1979 In February, the State Council officially promulgated the Regulations on the Protection of Aquatic Resources Breeding. All these fully show that the party and the government attach importance to the protection of aquatic resources. The Regulations on the Protection of Aquatic Resources Reproduction clearly stipulates that hairtail, large yellow croaker, small yellow croaker, herring, sardine, Pacific herring, giant salamander, snapper, black snapper, Acanthopanax japonicus, red snapper, pike and mackerel are prohibited. Fish, white fish, yellow croaker, mackerel, mackerel, sea eel and other marine fish; Shrimp and crab, such as prawn, hairy shrimp, blue crab, claw shrimp, Chinese mitten crab and swimming crab; Shellfish, such as abalone, clam, clam, oyster, sea cucumber, scallop, clam, mussel, mussel, mussel and pearl; Seaweed, Undaria pinnatifida, Gracilaria, kelp, Eucheuma and other algae, as well as whales, turtles, sea cucumbers, squid, squid and so on, should be protected. "It is forbidden to fry fish, poison fish, abuse electric fishing and knock on aquatic resources". It is forbidden to discharge pollutants and wastes harmful to aquatic resources such as sewage, oil and oily mixture into fishery waters. "Prohibit or eliminate fishing gear harmful to resources within a time limit; Fishing gear that is less harmful to resources should be improved in a planned and step-by-step manner. The minimum mesh size of various main fishing gear should be specified according to different fishing objects. It is forbidden to make or love illegal fishing gear. Wait a minute.
In particular, the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Marine Environment, which came into effect on March 1983, is an important event to manage China's marine environment and protect national rights and interests by using the legal system. It is the first comprehensive law in China to protect the marine environment, which is applicable to all the sea areas under the jurisdiction of China. The promulgation and implementation of "Marine Environmental Protection Law" indicates that China's marine environmental legislation has entered a new historical period. The Marine Environmental Protection Law mainly stipulates the prevention of marine pollution damage. First, prevent coastal projects from damaging the marine environment, mainly referring to the construction of coastal ports and oil terminals and the construction of water conservancy projects in estuaries; The second is to prevent the pollution of offshore oil exploration and development to the marine environment, mainly including blasting exploration, drilling, oil testing and oil transportation; The third is to prevent land-based pollutants from polluting the marine environment, mainly by discharging pollutants from the sea and setting up garbage disposal sites on coastal beaches; The fourth is to prevent ships from polluting the marine environment; Fifth, prevent the dumping of wastes from causing pollution damage to the marine environment, and stipulate the restrictive conditions, application, approval and supervision procedures for dumping wastes into the sea. If we can achieve the above aspects, we can basically meet the needs of protecting the marine environment. Anyone who violates this law and causes pollution damage to the marine environment will be liable for compensation, administrative responsibility and criminal responsibility according to different circumstances. There is no doubt that the implementation of the Marine Environmental Protection Law is an important measure to promote the development of China's marine industry and protect the marine environment.
After years of efforts, China has made remarkable progress in marine environmental protection, made great achievements in industrial pollution control, improved urban environmental conditions to a certain extent, achieved initial results in ecological environmental protection, initially formed an environmental management system, developed environmental monitoring rapidly, strengthened environmental scientific research and education, and enriched and improved the marine environmental protection law.