Modern poetry is free in form and rich in connotation. Image management is more important than rhetoric application, which completely breaks through the characteristics of ancient poetry "gentle and sincere, mourning without complaining", and puts more emphasis on free and open, straightforward statement and communication between "feeling and invisibility"
Basic introduction Chinese name: modern poetry? Mbth: Creation year of modernist poetry: from the beginning of the 20th century to the present, China representatives: Xu Zhimo, Bei Dao, Gu Cheng, Haizi and other foreign representatives: Pushkin, Goethe, Shelley, Tagore's characteristics, classification, appreciation, overview, language, image content, emotion, artistic characteristics, branching requirements, appreciation methods, grasping the eye of poetry, analyzing images and clarifying truth and falsehood. Knowing people and discussing the world, schools, crescent schools, nine-leaf schools, misty schools, representative poets of modern poetry, Tagore-style poetry, rhyme schools and simple prose schools. Modern poetry is characterized by free form and rich connotation. Image management is more important than rhetoric application. Compared with ancient poems, although they are all about feeling things and reflecting the soul, they completely break through the ancient poem "gentle and sincere, mourning without complaining". The mainstream of modern poetry is free poetry. Free verse is the product of the May 4th New Culture Movement, which uses vernacular in form, breaking the shackles of old-style poetry, and mainly reflects new life and expresses new ideas in content. Classification is divided into forms: metrical poems and free poems; Fairy tale poems, fable poems, prose poems, verse poems and so on. According to the form of expression: narrative poems and lyric poems are divided according to the length; Micro-poems, short poems and long poems are divided into narrative poems and lyric poems according to their expressive techniques. This is divided according to the expression of the content of the work. Narrative poems have relatively complete story lines and characters, which are usually expressed by the poet's singing voice full of * * * *. Epic, story poem and poetic novel all belong to this category. Homer's epics in ancient Greece, such as Heriat and Odyssey; Story poems, such as Wang Gui and Li Xiangxiang by China poet Li Ji, and Monkey King by Mingzhe and Lacny; Don Juan by British poet Byron and yevgeni onegin by Russian poet Pushkin. Representative poems: Lyrics mainly reflect social life by directly expressing the poet's thoughts and feelings, and do not require complete stories and characters. Such as love songs, carols, elegies, elegies, pastoral songs, satirical poems, etc. Narration and lyricism are not absolutely separated. Narrative poetry is also lyrical, but its lyricism requires close combination with narrative. Lyric poems often describe some fragments of life, but they can't be spread out, and they must obey the needs of lyricism. According to the rhyme and structure of language, it can be divided into metrical poems, free poems, prose poems and rhyming poems, and classified according to the rhyme and structure of language. Metric poems are poems written according to certain formats and rules. It has strict rules on the number of lines, the number of words (or syllables), the tone and rhyme, the antithesis of words and the arrangement of sentence patterns. For example, China's ancient poems, quatrains, words and songs, and European sonnets. And the four-character, six-character and eight-character fonts of metrical new poems. There may be more modern metrical new poems in the future. Free verse is a newly developed poetic style in modern Europe and America. It is not limited by metrical rules, has no fixed format, pays attention to natural and internal rhythm, and uses rhymes roughly similar or without rhymes. The number of words, lines, sentence patterns and tones are relatively free, and the language is relatively popular. Whitman, an American poet (1819-1892), is the founder of European and American free verse, and Leaves of Grass is his main collection of poems. This poetic style has also become popular in China since the May 4th Movement. Prose poetry is a literary genre with both prose and poetry characteristics. There is a poetic mood and a sense of * * * in the works, which are often full of philosophy, pay attention to the natural rhythm and the beauty of music, and are short in length, like prose, without branches or rhymes. For example, Lu Xun's Wild Grass is for reference only, Yi Jinlan Mountain. Rhyme is a literary genre. As the name implies, it generally means that the end of a poem must rhyme and read like a ballad, regardless of the beat and rhythm. Rhyme poetry here refers to modern rhyme poetry, which belongs to a new type of poetry, rhyming new poetry, with regular rhyme but asymmetrical pace (rhythm). Wang Guozhen is the most representative. At present, there are Ding Xiang (northern ronin), Qiu Le and Shen Hongzhou who inherit this poetic style. Theoretically, Xiao Qu and Sun's research group on metrical new poetry made a detailed study and explanation of modern metrical poetry and the theory of metrical poetry. China's modern poetry can also be divided into two relatively independent stages: 1 and China's modern poetry: the poetry before the first half of the 20th century is called "China's modern poetry". 2. Contemporary Poetry in China: Poetry after the second half of the 20th century is called "Contemporary Poetry in China". Poetry has a strong artistic generalization. To appreciate poetry, we should start with concise and implicit language, grasp the deep meaning of key sentences, taste the emotions expressed in poetry, analyze various artistic expression means of poetry, grasp and deeply understand the artistic image created by poetry, and feel the beautiful artistic conception of poetry. Specifically, the appreciation of modern poetry should mainly start from the following aspects. Language is the basic material of all literary works. Poetry pays special attention to the use of language, because the shaping of artistic image, the creation of artistic conception and the transmission of emotion all depend on language. The language of poetry requires the simplest words to convey as much content as possible, which makes the language of poetry concise, implicit and jumping. Relatively speaking, modern poetry is written in vernacular, which is easier to grasp literally than old-style poetry. However, to correctly evaluate a poem, it is necessary to recite it repeatedly, try to figure it out, grasp the words full of the author's affection, and savor its profound meaning. Image content poetry reflects life and expresses feelings through artistic images. To appreciate poetry, we must accurately grasp the artistic images in poetry: some poems express their emotions by depicting concrete and vivid images; Some poems, although they do not depict specific images, can arouse readers' imagination; Some poems not only depict concrete images, but also express their thoughts and feelings ... To grasp the image of poetry, we must grasp the characteristics of the image. Some poems depict many images, so when appreciating them, we should combine many individual images to imagine and construct a whole image. The images depicted in some poems are not real, but have metaphorical or symbolic connotations. We can't understand the image of this kind of works literally, but we should combine the background of the times and the author's experience to explore the connotation of the image through imagination and association. In a word, understanding the image of poetry should be based on profound understanding and overall grasp, rather than superficial. Emotional poetry is generally to express our feelings and aspirations, and we must deeply understand the emotional connotation of poetry when we appreciate it. Specifically, it is to understand the author's feelings from the image and artistic conception of poetry. The thoughts and feelings of some poems are reflected by metaphors and symbolic meanings. To understand the thoughts and feelings of this kind of poetry, we must first expand association and imagination, accurately grasp the connotation of poetic images, and thus deepen our understanding of feelings. Poetry always reflects the life of a certain era, and the characteristics of the times cannot be ignored in understanding the feelings of poetry. Works with the same theme will show different thoughts and feelings because of the poet's ideals and interests, life experiences and different times. To understand the feelings of poetry, we should also consider the categories, styles and genres of poetry. For example, there are differences in emotional expression between realistic poetry and romantic poetry, and the thoughts and feelings expressed by bold and graceful words are often different. The artistic features of poetry with artistic features mainly refer to lyric means, allusion, conception and expression. To appreciate poetry, we should master the common means of expression and artistic skills of poetry, such as personification, metaphor, metonymy, exaggeration, contrast, symbol, etc., as well as writing static with movement, seeing the big with smallness, combining reality with reality, setting things off and expressing will. The branch requires 1, and the sentence meaning expression has been completed. 2. Images that can exist independently. 3, enough to show some emotions. 4. The account of special and specific time, person or event ends here. 5. Special words emphasized by the author. Branches also undertake the mission of poetic language. Forcibly tearing apart grammatical branches and creating unnecessary poems for no reason should not be taken by a writer or poet, otherwise poetry will become a really useless and meaningless joke. (—— This section comes from Mr. Huang Sha's literary theory "A Survey of Poetry") Appreciation method Grasping the eye of poetry is the most expressive key phrase in poetry, which can open up the artistic conception of poetry and make poetry shine. The tempering and setting of poetic eyes play an important role in poetry creation, and all poetry critics in ancient and modern times appreciate poetry from this point. Image image is the product of the collision between the poet's subjective concept and the external objective image, and it is a kind of language artistic image with specific significance that the poet produces to express his inner world by selecting, refining and reorganizing the objective image. In poetry, poets should not only think and feel with images, but also express them with images. The social life in Ming and Qing dynasties is infinitely vast, and it is impossible for a poet to write everything in his poems. Therefore, poets often use "reality" to mean "emptiness" or "emptiness" to mean "reality". It is the artistic law of poetry creation that the virtual and the real coexist and set each other off into interest. The "emptiness" in poetry is thoughts and feelings, and the "reality" in poetry is the image of scenery. If poetry only writes "empty", it will appear abstract and empty, without poetry; If you just write "truth", it will look lifeless and lifeless. There are generally two ways for poets to express their feelings: one is to express their feelings directly in their works; The other is that poets often ignore political background in order to render scenery and contrast atmosphere, such as euphemistically expressing their feelings with metaphors and allusions. Meng Ziyun, who knows people and discusses the world, said, "I wonder if I can praise his poems and read his books." It is based on its world. "This sentence means that if you want to understand his poems, you must know who he is and the era in which the author lives. Schools The most important poetry schools in the history of modern poetry in China are: * from the early 20th century to1920s: experimental school, literary research school (life school), creative society (early romanticism), lakeside poetry school, new metrical poetry school (crescent school) and early symbolic poetry school in China *191930s: China modern poetry school. 1940s: China New Poetry School, Nine Leaves Poetry School * 1950s: China Realism, New Modernism (Modern Poetry School), Blue Star Poetry School (Blue Star Poetry Society), Genesis Poetry School (Genesis Poetry Society) * 1970s: Vague Poetry School (. The third generation poetry group (Cenozoic poetry group, Cenozoic poetry group), recklessness, holism, sea poetry group, Yuanmingyuan poetry group, coquetry group, their poetry group, Chou Shi poetry group, non-fiction (red writing), divine comedy writing, Xinxiang local poetry group, intellectuals writing poetry group * 1990: online poetry (online poet), Xinxiang local poetry group. 265438+the beginning of the 20th century: Window Poetry School, Tagore Poetry School, Soul Poetry School, Jiangxi New Poetry School, Post-80s Poets, Marginal Poetry School, Spring Grass Poetry School, Post-90s Poets, Plain Poetry School, Firefly Poetry School, New Tradition Poetry School and Simple Poetry School, which are important in the history of modern new poetry, generally 1927. Cong Chun 1926, Zhu Xiang, Rao Mengkan, Sun Dayu, Liu, et al. They were dissatisfied with the style of "liberal poets" who ignored the art of poetry after the May 4th Movement, advocated new metrical poetry, advocated "rational restraint of emotions", and opposed the disorderly and prosaic tendency of poetry, and made a serious exploration of new metrical poetry from theory to practice. Wen Yiduo put forward the famous thought of "three beauties" in "The Metre of Poetry", that is, "the beauty of music, the beauty of painting and the beauty of architecture". Therefore, the crescent school is also known as the "new metrical poetry school". The crescent school corrected the weakness of the early poetry creation that was too informal, and also made the new poetry enter the period of conscious creation. /kloc-in the spring of 0/927, Hu Shi, Xu Zhimo, Wen Yiduo, Liang Shiqiu and others founded Crescent Bookstore, and the monthly magazine Crescent was founded the following year. The main activities of the "Crescent School" moved to Shanghai, which was later the Crescent School. Its main positions are New Moon and Poetry, which were founded in 1930. The new members are Chen, Fang and Bian. In the later period, the Crescent School put forward the principles of "health" and "dignity", and still adhered to the position of "pure poetry" which was super-utilitarian, self-expression and aristocratic, emphasizing "purity in essence, thoroughness in technique and rigor in meter", but the artistic expression and lyric way of poetry approached the modernist school. The beauty of music in the "three beauties" means that each section of the new moon poem is different, just like music. The beauty of painting is that every paragraph of the crescent poem is a sensible picture. Architectural beauty means that the format of poetry is like architecture. One of the characteristics of kuya School is that it pays attention to reality. 1948 The most important event was the official appearance of the Nine Leaves School. Because of the differences in artistic views between Cao Xinzhi and the "Stars" club, he and Xin Di, Chen, Tang Qi, Tang Shu and others founded the monthly China New Poetry, and got in touch with Mu Dan, Du Fu and Yuan Kejia who returned to Beijing and Tianjin from Kunming and The National SouthWest Associated University, forming a new poetry school "China New Poetry School" (the latter nine-leaf poetry school was another one centered on China New Poetry and other publications in the 1940s. Representative poets are Xin Di, Mu Dan, Du Fu, Chen, Hang Youhe, Tang Qi, Tang Xie and Yuan Kejia. In the 1980s, they published Nine Leaves Collection, a collection of poems by nine of them, hence the name Nine Leaves School. Most of them are campus poets, who perceive people's voices from the war and attach importance to the poet's unique experience of social and historical phenomena; Deeply influenced by western modernist poetry, they strive to break through the traditional way of subjective lyricism, pursue the combination of realism, symbolism and philosophy, and explore the "drama" of poetry expression (mainly referring to the contradictory tension in the emotional development and language expression of poetry, rather than directly expressing their hearts), so that poetry can further express the complexity of modern people's thinking mode and inner life. In the history of literature, it is generally believed that the artistic exploration of "Nine Leaves Poetry School" is very valuable, and a group of poets with high artistic level have made great breakthroughs in the expression of new poetry and poetic concepts. Obscure Poetry School: A school of poetry that appeared in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Representative figures are Beidao, Shuting, Gu Cheng, He Jiang, Yang Lian, Duoduo, Munk and Yan Li. As a creative group, "misty poetry" has not formed a unified organizational form, nor has it issued a declaration. But it has formed a "rising poetry group" with its own independent artistic thoughts and creative achievements. At that time, there was a debate about misty poetry in the literary world. The spiritual connotation of "misty poetry" has three levels: one is to expose darkness and social criticism; Second, seeking light in the dark, reflecting the sense of exploration and strong heroism; Thirdly, based on humanitarianism, paying special attention to "people" and "misty poetry" rewrote the traditional model of describing "reality" and illustrating policies in the past, and regarded poetry as an important way to explore life, which reached an unprecedented height in philosophical significance. In a sense, the rise of "misty poetry" is also the rise of the life tree of China literature. The poetry movement of the new poetry tide, which is dominated by obscure poetry, gradually entered the * * * period after the "thawing of ideas" in the late 1970s, and its symbol was the publication of the short poem "Answer" in SlateNo. 1979. With the publication of the poem "Answer", "misty poetry" began to enter the mass state from the underground state, and the poets of the new poetry wave not only quickly. They also founded their own folk poetry publication "Today" magazine, and published the works of a number of outstanding poets, such as Beidao, Yang Lian, Gu Cheng, He Jiang, Shu Ting, Munk and Yan Li. It has triggered a huge debate about "misty poetry" in the poetry world and even the whole literary world for several years. This kind of poetry uses a lot of symbolic artistic expressions in its creative techniques, which makes the literary meaning of poetry full of diversity and fuzziness, so it is also called misty poetry. After self-reflection and realization of self-value, misty poets finally found their position as "historical witnesses", and the way to realize self-value is to provide historical witnesses for future generations. Therefore, "providing historical witness" has become the ultimate theme of misty poetry. 1985 165438 The Selected Poems published in October collected the works of these poets, which is also one of the sources of the term misty poetry school, and because quite a few hazy poets have published their works in Today, the misty poetry school is often called Today School. Since 1980s, the school of misty poetry has been replaced by the school of modern poetry. Since 1984, the poetic movement of China's new poetry has entered the stage of "post-obscurity". The representative poets of modern poetry are obscure poets: forefinger, Beidao, Gucheng, Duoduo, Shuting, Munk, Liang, Gu, Wang Xiaoni. The representative poets of the third generation are Yu Jian, Yang Li, He, Hai Zi, and the silent intellectuals are Xi Chuan, Ouyang. Emperor Wen of Sui's post-70s representative poets: Shu, Yin Lichuan, Tang, Shen Haobo, Zhou Gongdu, Lu, post-80s representative poets: Haruki, Witch, Crystal Beads, Ghostly post-90s representative poets:, Yi, Lin Chengwu, Xiao Ziluo Tagore's poems appeared at the beginning of the 2nd/10th century. " Tagore's Poetry was inspired and influenced by the neoclassicism and imagism of Yu Guangzhong, a famous poet in Taiwan Province, China. At the same time, it absorbed the poetic style of Tagore, a famous Indian poet, and fused the elements of China's classical poetry into one furnace, so that the whole poem exudes a classical and modern atmosphere. The metrical poetry of the metrical school belongs to the new poetic style under the control of modern poetry. On the premise of respecting the "freedom of form, openness of connotation, and image management is more important than rhetoric" advocated by modern poetry, a new step has been added, that is, the rhyme at the end of the poem must be regular, so that China's modern poetry pursues freedom and boldness, and at the same time, it inherits the precious blood of the rhythm of ancient poetry that has been circulated for thousands of years. It advocates that the poet should express the processed unnatural language with distinct rhythm, emphasize the pursuit of true feelings and the standardized form of phonology, formulate an effective standardized interface for the creation and play of poetry, avoid falling into the loose and unorganized oral writing of modern poetry to the greatest extent, make poetry creation have rules to follow and laws to follow, make modern poetry creation develop and grow more standardized, and persevere on the literary road with a more benign and lasting attitude. Rhyme-style new poetry, with regular rhyme but asymmetrical pace (rhythm). Wang Guozhen is the most representative. At present, Qiu Le, Yu Xiang (the northern ronin) and Shen Hongzhou inherit and carry forward this poetic style. Theoretically, Xiao Qu and Sun's research group on metrical new poetry made a detailed study and explanation of modern metrical poetry and the theory of metrical poetry. It not only embraces people's pursuit of the beauty of the musical rhythm of classical poetry, but also integrates the creative techniques of modern poetry, making classical poetry and modern poetry perfectly integrated and keep pace with each other, making great contributions to the connection between ancient and modern poetry and its future development. The school of simple prose poetry first rose in the late 1990s, and 20 15 gradually took shape. It is a new style of online poetry. Simple Prose School inherits the beauty of music and painting of Crescent School, and mainly pays attention to the simplicity and exquisiteness of writing. Poetry pays attention to colloquial expression and has a natural charm, so this kind of poetry is also called "spoken poetry". The early representative literary works include The Water Margin, The Song of Gravitational Waves, etc. Its representative figures include Murphy Yuran and Shen Peng. Similar to misty poetry, as a new creative group, simple poetry and misty poetry have not formed a unified organizational form and issued a declaration, so they are unknown to outsiders and have not caused any controversy in the world so far, as if they are quietly changing and influencing people in a subtle way, but they just don't want to be known by people. The appearance of simple poetry style further promoted the development and construction of modern poetry.