From Dazhai to Xiaogang, from Nanjie Village to Huaxi Village, from Wusha Village to Sanyuanli ... These rural representatives in China, with their distinctive characteristics of the times and development model, have made the most vivid annotations for the transformation of rural destiny in China.
These villages, either because of major events or important people, have changed from a simple geographical term to have their own unique meanings and become symbols of the changes of the times.
At one time, Dazhai was a model of national agricultural development; Xiaogang is a deep charge, where the average household in production quotas is fixed; Nanjie village intends to move towards "Datong world"; Daqiuzhuang is very popular because of "taking steel as the key link"; Huaxi village is more legendary and has different "versions"; Little-known Wusha Village and Sanyuanli, like many villages, are still looking for their own development direction.
Different roads have different endings. Huaxi village in Jiangsu province, the output value in 2008 is said to be as high as 45 billion yuan; Xiaogang village is also seeking transformation; Daqiuzhuang denied the original development model; The entry of foreign companies turned Wusha village into a phoenix overnight. As for Sanyuanli, the development of cities and industrialization really benefited farmers. ...
On the eve of the 60th anniversary of the founding of New China, a reporter from China Social Science News paid a special visit to the village, taking you back to the historical scene and looking for the memory of that period of history together.
Dazhai: One in Seven Thousand Miracles
In the 1960s, a vigorous "Agricultural Dazhai" movement was launched in China. Over the past 40 years, industrialization has become a new trend of Dazhai development. At present, less than 65,438+00% people in this village are engaged in agriculture.
"Dazhai sweater, warm your heart"; Eat Dazhai vinegar and take the road of health. Looking around at the entrance of Dazhai Village, besides these striking slogans, there are advertisements such as Dazhai brand cement, Dazhai brand wine, Dazhai brand shirt, Dazhai brand aluminum plastic pipe and Dazhai brand walnut dew. , and the bright red word "Dazhai" at the entrance of the village and the big slogan "self-reliance, striving for strength" set each other off.
Twenty years ago, it was hard to imagine that a small mountain village with more than 200 households and more than 500 people, with a total area of only 1.88 square kilometers, would leave a deep impression on the history of China. It is still mentioned by people today.
Dazhai Village, Xiyang County, Shanxi Province, located in the hinterland of Taihang Mountain, lived in a poor wasteland before liberation. After liberation, Dazhai, led by Chen Yonggui and Guo Fenglian, was determined to change its backward appearance, fight against heaven and earth and manage mountains and rivers. Layers of terraces have been opened on Qigou and Baliangpo, and the situation of relying on the weather for food has been changed through hard work and water irrigation. 1964, under the call of Chairman Mao, the whole country set off the climax of "Agricultural Dazhai", and Dazhai has since become a banner of agriculture.
From 65438 to the early 1980 s, the whole country set off an upsurge of fixing production quotas to households, and Dazhai embarked on its own collective road. Today, looking at 7,000 well-developed villages in China, collective farming is basically practiced, and Dazhai is one of them, which has become one seventh of ordinary roads and has been full of unique vitality.
Today, when we turn our attention to Dazhai again, many villages, including Xiaogang Village, are no longer concerned about Dazhai's agricultural business model, but its "non-agricultural" industries.
Relying on places of interest and celebrities to build Dazhai brand can be said to be the smartest and most successful place for Dazhai people. Today's Dazhai has more than 30 well-known brands with the word "Dazhai". The intangible assets of this brand have brought great wealth to the villagers. Visitors to Dazhai should drink Dazhai wine, Dazhai walnut dew, Dazhai cakes and steamed bread. While making great efforts to build the "Dazhai" economic brand, the great spiritual value condensed by the "Dazhai" brand has also begun to be concerned and understood by more and more people. Guo Fenglian, the head of Dazhai, proudly said: "We use brands to unite and use resources to produce products, which not only publicizes Dazhai itself, but also warms the people and improves economic benefits."
Dazhai, which seized the opportunity, has now developed into a mature agricultural tourist area. Layers of terraced fields are lush, pools are sparkling and beautiful, and orchards are fruitful everywhere. At present, less than 10% are engaged in agriculture, and more are workers in enterprises. After all, many travel companies, wool mills and knitting mills need workers. Although the commune distribution system is still implemented, family management is not excluded. As long as you spend 1 000 yuan a year socializing with the public, you can enjoy the benefits of the commune. Medical care is free, education is free, and pensions are paid as usual.
"If agriculture is the foundation of building a village in Dazhai, then reform and opening up is the road to a strong village in Dazhai, and hard work is the entrepreneurial soul of Dazhai." This is a sentence that Guo Fenglian often likes to say. After 30 years of reform and opening up, in the wave of market economy, Dazhai has already hidden its mysterious aura and returned to the true colors of the mountain village. On the road to a well-off society, slow and steady.
Nanjie Village: How far can Datong Road go?
It was once called "Red Billion Village" by the media, and it was also famous for the concept of "small capitalist society".
June is the wheat harvest season in rural Henan.
The introduction of modern agricultural machinery has greatly shortened the busy time of farmers' wheat. In the wheat fields around Nanjie Village, from a distance, only a large piece of neat wheat stubble is left after the harvester operation. The villagers who were busy drying wheat on the roadside said happily, "There was a bumper harvest of wheat this year." A few days ago, their "monitor" Wang Hongbin and his leading group stood in the field under the scorching sun and directed them to harvest wheat.
The economic development model of Nanjie Village and its financing mode in the process of economic development have always been controversial. Since the equity reform in Nanjie Village was exposed by the media, Wang Hongbin seems reluctant to be interviewed by the media.
During the period of 1986, the household contract responsibility system was implemented in rural areas throughout the country, but Nanjie Village, under the leadership of Wang Hongbin, embarked on the road of collectivization. From June 5438 to October 2004 10, after the 25th shareholders' meeting of Nanjiecun Group, the equity structure of Nanjiecun Group, which was originally composed of five collective shareholders, changed. This equity reform completely destroyed the image of Nanjie Village as a "new socialist countryside" and a "100 million red village". For a time, "the model village has been demutualized", "the leader has privately divided the collective equity" and "Nanjiecun Group is going bankrupt" ... all kinds of doubts are endless. Wang Hongbin, the helm and head of Nanjiecun Group, as a practitioner of collectivization, was once again pushed to the forefront of public opinion.
Some people assert that Nanjie Village, a utopian ideal that has persisted for nearly 30 years, is coming to an end.
After five years, the voice of criticism and regret gradually faded out. On this land of 1.78 square kilometers, Nanjie Village still adheres to the spirit that "Mao Zedong Thought and collectivized economy are the magic weapon to get rich".
No matter how sharp the external criticism is, Wang Hongbin does not think that the reform of Nanjiecun Group is a betrayal of the collectivized economy. In his view, the equity restructuring of Nanjiecun Group is only to better meet the needs of collective economic development. "It is completely a form, in order to gather enough shareholders", and there is no change in essence. What proves that the nature of the collective economy has not changed after the share reform is that Wang Hongbin and other shareholders still receive the unified welfare in the village, and they receive 250 yuan's salary every month and never receive any dividends. Regarding the external doubts, he blamed his "insufficient research on relevant legal documents" for the equity reform of Nanjie Village in 2004.
As the public opinion has said, Nanjie Village's ideal of taking the road of "great harmony" will be shattered. The reporter saw in Nanjie Village that the villagers did not seem to be greatly affected. The villagers here still live in a unified village building, enjoy many welfare benefits such as reading, medical care and so on for free, and get paid every month. Dongfanghong's song is still so loud every morning, and the workers in the factory are still very busy.
A villager told reporters that after 2004, Nanjie Village still adhered to the old method of collectivization, and the monthly salary of the "squad leader" in 250 yuan remained unchanged, and the villagers almost enjoyed unified welfare. If there is a change, it is "two more tourist attractions than before".
Some people say that the development model of Nanjie Village is a mistake from beginning to end, but in any case, Nanjie Village is still on the road of "Datong". As for the future prospects, it is necessary for history to witness.
Xiaogang village: wandering in the era of collective and individual
The birthplace of rural reform in China, at the end of 1978, took the lead in implementing "contract with joint production" in China, and was the forerunner of household contract responsibility system. 2 1 century, Xiaogang village began to take the road of "collective agriculture" again.
China's reform began in the countryside, and the rural reform began in Xiaogang Village. As a pioneer of reform, Xiaogang Village has attracted the attention of all parties. The imaginary Xiaogang Village is an ancient painting of Fengyang, a pioneer of reform and Zhu Yuanzhang ... People who have never been to Xiaogang Village always attach various labels to Xiaogang Village.
It took more than three hours to drive eastward along the Beijing-Shanghai line and through Bengbu, Anhui Province. At noon, after driving into the landmark building, I finally entered the hinterland of Xiaogang. Walking in Xiaogang Village, two "sculptures" stand out. One is the newly expanded Daban Memorial Hall, and the other is the stone-carved version of Deng Xiaoping's quotations on the villagers' cultural square. These two face-to-face "sculptures" silently tell the glory of the pioneers of reform. The vines, mushroom greenhouses and cornfields at the head of the village seem to show that it is still an ordinary China village.
1978, in order to make a living, Xiaogang Village 18 people pressed their bright red handprints on "life and death", which opened the prelude to rural development in China. The "big contract" made Xiaogang village famous and quickly solved the problem of food and clothing. We cannot overestimate the historical contribution of "all-in-one contract". "Without a fixed production quota, farmers can't solve the problem of food and clothing, and the country will have no follow-up development!" The leader of Xiaogang's "household production quota" has said this sentence countless times and once again solemnly told reporters. When speaking, Yan raised his hands high, as if he wanted to touch history and today at the same time.
Thirty years later, the "life and death" signed by 18 villagers is still vivid, but the credit book is covered with dust. After solving the problem of food and clothing, Xiaogang village, which won the top spot in the reform, lost the opportunity of reform and failed to achieve leap-forward development. "Get up the earliest and walk the slowest" has become the most commented comment in Xiaogang Village after the rural reform.
In 2004, Shen Hao, a cadre of Anhui Provincial Department of Finance, entered Xiaogang Village and became the leader of the village. The old question before Shen Hao is: What should we do after we have enough to eat and wear warm clothes? "The land development model of one household has come to an end, and we urgently need a new development model." Shen Hao, Party Secretary of Xiaogang Village, said. Xiaogang village seems to be at the end of its tether again. Xiaogang village, wandering between the collective and the individual, once lost its way.
Walking on Qingshi Road in Xiaogang Village, I met groups who came to visit and exchange from time to time. Just as curious people tried to analyze the "characteristics" of the pioneers of reform, Xiaogang Village had already sought change. Shen Hao and his party 13 people went down to Huaxi Village for three times to learn Buddhist scriptures, and the people in Xiaogang Village were "moved" by the luxurious city scene in Huaxi Village. Shen Hao decided to "re-take the road of large-scale collective agriculture and establishing township enterprises". People can't imagine that Xiaogang village will "return to the team" one day after 30 years of separation from the collective economy. The locals love to say that "seeking change is the fate of Xiaogang Village", and it is indeed the case.
Xiaogang people are determined to keep forging ahead, and various forms of land scale management have been included in the development plan. In 2006, Yan Jinchang leased 10 mu of contracted land to a breeding company in Shanghai at the price of 500 yuan/mu for the development of breeding pig breeding base. He also accepted the employment of the company and became a farm manager. According to him, at present, the rental or circulation scale of the whole village has reached more than 600 mu.
When the reporter left Xiaogang, the village was asking experts to make an overall development plan. At present, Xiaogang Village has basically formed a "three-step" strategy of "modern agriculture-tourism industry-coordinated development of industry and agriculture". Shen Hao said: "With long-term planning and long-term development mechanism, Xiaogang will maintain the continuity of development no matter who leaves his job in the future." This statement is correct. Xiaogang village is getting farther and farther on this road now.
If you are poor, change it. Stripping off the aura of Xiaogang Village is actually an ordinary village. Like thousands of villages in Qian Qian, there is a piece of land and an ordinary person. Because they have no more advantages, they are faced with the problem of how to solve the problem of food and clothing. Change is the only hope. Xiaogang village is different. It is the epitome of ordinary rural areas in China since the contract responsibility system. Solving the outlet problem of Xiaogang Village can solve most rural problems in China. From this perspective, the outlet of Xiaogang Village is of greater significance.
Daqiuzhuang: the rural imprint of the rebellious era
Steel is abundant and very popular in the 1980s. Later, with Yu's imprisonment, the "Daqiuzhuang model" finally failed. After the restructuring, the economy of Daqiuzhuang Town is gradually recovering.
When the car passed Tuanbowa Reservoir, there was a slight breeze on the lake, which reminded people of the poet Guo Xiaochuan's poem: Autumn wind is like a flexible comb, combing the quiet Tuanbowa. At that time, this song "Autumn in Tuanbowa" made people remember the beautiful Tuanbowa. But since the emergence of Daqiuzhuang in the late 1970s, Tuanbowa has become its footnote-mentioning Daqiuzhuang will only be mentioned incidentally.
At Yiwan intersection, trucks loaded with steel pipes are connected end to end, waiting to pass through the intersection. Today, Daqiuzhuang Town is already the "hometown of welded pipes" in China. No one seems to care too much about this title. The reputation of "the first village in the world" was once far spread, and it was difficult for the latecomers of Daqiuzhuang to surpass it.
The New York Times once reported in 1992: "There are 4,400 people in this village, but there are 16 Mercedes-Benz cars and 100 imported luxury cars. 1990 The per capita income is $3,400, which is 10 times the national average income and 1992.
Time went back 30 years. In the 1970s, Daqiuzhuang was still "white in spring and thin in autumn, with no harvest in spring and half a year's chaff".
1977, Yu's "Daqiuzhuang Myth" began to be staged. This traditional farmer in China, who worships Dazhai and takes Chen Yonggui as an example, did not take the traditional road of agricultural development. From the first bucket of gold he earned by rolling steel to the establishment of four enterprise groups, namely, Jinmei, Wanquan, Jinhai and Yaoshun, Daqiuzhuang gradually formed an industrial collective economic model with steel as the key link. At the peak of this model, some people said that the rural areas of China were about to enter the "Daqiuzhuang era".
From 65438 to 0993, Yu was sentenced to 20 years in prison for harboring crimes, obstructing official duties, accepting bribes, illegal detention, etc., and fell into prison from the "altar". Not only did China's rural areas not enter the "Daqiuzhuang era", but even Daqiuzhuang's own era came to an abrupt end.
Daqiuzhuang subsequently carried out a series of reforms. Daqiuzhuang Village was changed to Daqiuzhuang Town; The four major enterprises are changed to four; After the property right reform, the collective economy turned to private ownership; The 14 welfare system of "from cradle to grave" was cancelled one after another. In the case of the overall decline of the steel market, Daqiuzhuang once fell.
After several pains, Daqiuzhuang Town has gradually recovered after a difficult turning point. Since 2002, with the improvement of the overall situation of China steel market and the rationalization of enterprise property rights, Daqiuzhuang has embarked on a virtuous circle. By taking the initiative to undertake the industrial transfer of Tianjin Binhai New Area and the relocation of Tianjin metallurgical enterprises, in 2007, Daqiuzhuang achieved a sales income of 31800 million yuan, accounting for more than 30% of Tianjin's steel production.
Today, Daqiuzhuang vaguely saw the original prosperity again. The reporter saw that luxury cars shuttled on Huangshan Road, and there were many large and small enterprises on both sides of Yilu Road. Thousands of tons of steel pipes are continuously transported from here to all parts of the country. Experts believe that one of the reasons for the recovery of Daqiuzhuang is reorganization, which has revitalized the enterprise by absorbing a large number of personal and social funds; In addition, it is the general environment of China's overall steel market boom. Yang Mingjuan, director of the office of Daqiuzhuang Town, also believes that restructuring is crucial. However, the polarization between the rich and the poor brought about by the system reform has made some villagers still miss the times.
The myth of Daqiuzhuang was formed in the early stage of reform and opening-up, with weak legal consciousness and the rules of the game to be determined. The era of "money first" grassroots entrepreneurs also reveals the color of grass. Yu branded Daqiuzhuang with the brand of the times.
Editorial comments
Where is the road to rural development in China?
1935, Fei Xiaotong, who was in his prime, came to a small village on the east bank of Taihu Lake and wrote the famous jiang village economy. This book was soon regarded as a key to China's rural society: "It attracted our attention to the greatest country in the world, not a trivial small tribe."
In 2009, in the special year of the 60th anniversary of the founding of New China, China social science journalists returned to those star villages and historical sites and felt the rapid changes and vicissitudes here. Similarly, we try to find the "password" of rural development in China from these small "specimens".
Seventy-four years ago, Fei Xiaotong pointed out that under the huge population pressure, China could only develop rural industries. After the development of rural industries, small towns should develop. Different situations in different places can create different urban and rural development models. Today, after 30 years of reform and opening-up, the rural areas have achieved unprecedented development and embarked on a rural development road with China characteristics.
First of all, this road is gradual. According to the requirements of different stages of agriculture and rural development, we will gradually promote rural reform and construction. From the breakthrough of rural reform, to the establishment of market economy, and then to the promotion of new rural construction, rural reform in China has different emphases at each stage, but they are all gradual and in the same strain. Under the new development level and environment, agricultural and rural development will be closely intertwined with the trends of industrialization, urbanization, marketization and globalization. Therefore, we must adhere to the principle of coordinating urban and rural economic and social development from a global perspective, implementing the policy of industry supporting agriculture and cities supporting rural areas, and solving the "three rural issues" in the new stage of development.
This road is diversified. According to China's different national conditions and different stages of development, the forms of rural development are different. With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization in China's eastern coastal areas, great changes have taken place in rural industrial structure, employment structure and agricultural production mode, and rural development has entered a new stage of transformation and upgrading. In the central and western regions, there are many migrant workers working in economically developed areas, which have brought a lot of wealth to their hometowns and promoted their economic development. At the same time, with the industrial transfer in the developed coastal areas, migrant workers returned to their hometowns to start businesses, and a new type of industry grew up in rural areas came into being, which effectively promoted the industrialization, urbanization and urban-rural integration development in the central and western agricultural areas.
This road even rejects the big farm model of western developed countries. This model has been practiced in Brazil, India and other countries close to China's national conditions, and it has been proved that it is not a good way for developing countries to solve the "three rural issues". Obviously, there are a lot of false questions and wishful thinking in our discussion about "agriculture, countryside and farmers". Some scholars think that everything will be fine after private ownership of land, and some scholars think that centralized management of land is the fundamental solution to rural problems, but these arguments obviously fail to take care of the reality in China.
As a barometer of social development in China, rural issues are urgent and important. Facts have proved that the characteristics of large population and small land determine that China can't clone the rural development model of other countries, and can only go its own way. China's practice has no transcendental theory or certain laws, and can only be explored in practice and summarized in development. Now, the problems of agriculture, rural areas and farmers have become a major strategic issue, which is related to whether the Chinese nation can continue to walk steadily. We can't believe those "panaceas" or "panaceas" simply and vulgarly. The road of rural development in China must proceed from China's national conditions, attach importance to local practice, and build a rural development model with China characteristics according to local conditions.