The number of women participating in social productive labor in China has gradually increased, involving almost all industries. It is estimated that at present, the number of female employees actually exceeds 6,543.8+billion, and more than 200 million women participate in agricultural and sideline production in rural areas. Women have become an indispensable force in socialist construction.
Occupational harmful factors not only harm female workers themselves, but also damage reproductive function to varying degrees, thus affecting the health of future generations and ultimately related to the health quality level of the whole nation. Therefore, strengthening the labor protection of female workers is a problem that the whole society should pay attention to.
1. Types of occupational harmful factors affecting the health of female workers
Because of the special physiological and anatomical characteristics of female workers, the characteristics of occupational harmful factors affecting female workers are determined. There are four kinds of occupational harmful factors affecting the health of female workers:
(1) has no gender difference on health. For example, silica dust can cause silicosis in male and female workers.
(2) It is easy to cause harm to female employees. For example, women's hematopoietic system is more sensitive to lead poisoning than men's, and the storage of cadmium in the kidney system is also more than men's.
(3) It has little influence on men and great influence on women, such as driving a truck.
(4) Women are more sensitive to occupational hazards in their special physiological cycles (menstruation, pregnancy, menopause, etc.). ), which may cause menstrual disorder and bad pregnancy outcome.
Second, the impact of occupational harmful factors on women's health
(a) The impact of heavy physical labor on women's overall health
1. When engaged in heavy physical labor, especially load-bearing work, the genitals in the pelvic cavity are displaced due to the increase of abdominal pressure, which leads to uterine recession and uterine prolapse, and in severe cases, uterine prolapse. The incidence rate in rural areas is higher than that in cities.
2. For underage women, female athletes who have participated in heavy physical labor for a long time and participated in physical exercise since childhood will affect the normal development of pelvis, resulting in pelvic stenosis or flat pelvis.
3. Pregnant women engaged in heavy physical labor can easily lead to abortion, premature delivery, fetal growth retardation and increased fetal or neonatal mortality.
4. Long-term affiliated middle school can cause menstrual disorders for female employees, such as dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia or irregular menstruation.
5. There are many chronic joint diseases among female workers in the affiliated middle school, such as chronic tenosynovitis, scapulohumeral periarthritis and low back pain.
(B) the impact of occupational harmful factors on female reproductive function
Effect of 1. on menstrual function
It is known that 90 kinds of occupational harmful factors can cause menstrual abnormalities, including noise, vibration, heavy physical labor, and various chemicals such as lead, mercury, carbon disulfide, benzene series compounds, gasoline and TNT. The general manifestations are dysmenorrhea and abnormal menstrual flow, which are more common in young and short-term workers who have entered the factory soon.
2. Effect on reproductive function
Including the effects on gonads, embryos and placentas, interfering with the process of fertilization, fertilized egg development and embryo development.
3. Influence on pregnant mothers
On the one hand, pregnancy makes mothers more susceptible to harmful factors, on the other hand, occupational harmful factors can promote the occurrence of pregnancy and childbirth complications.
4. Effects on newborns and mammals
Exposure to harmful factors during pregnancy and postpartum can lead to neonatal and infant poisoning.
Third, the main measures to protect the health of female workers
(a) to implement the policies on women's labor protection.
China attaches great importance to women's labor protection. Since the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), a series of laws and regulations related to women's labor protection have been promulgated, such as Provisions on Labor Protection for Female Workers, Provisions on Taboo Labor Protection for Female Workers, Labor Law of People's Republic of China (PRC), Law on Protection of Women's Rights and Interests in People's Republic of China (PRC), Law on Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases in People's Republic of China (PRC), and Hygiene Standard for Design of Industrial Enterprises.
(B) Women's labor protection measures
Including reasonable arrangements for women's labor and good labor protection for women's special physiological cycle.
1. Arrange women's work reasonably
China stipulates that women are not easy to engage in: ① underground work in mines; (2) Forest cutting, returning to forest and exile; (3) the operation of the sixth level physical labor intensity in the Classification Standard of Physical Labor Intensity; (four) the installation and removal of scaffolding in the construction industry, as well as the overhead stringing operation in the power and telecommunications industries; ⑤ Continuous load exceeds 20Kg each time, and intermittent load exceeds 25Kg each time.
2. Do a good job in labor protection of women's special physiological cycle.
Do a good job in the five-stage protection of women and menstrual period, pregnancy, perinatal period, lactation period and menopause. The first four stages have been clearly stipulated in Chinese laws and regulations, which need the joint efforts of professionals and medical personnel in labor protection and labor hygiene.
(3) improve working conditions and living environment
Through technical transformation and management, occupational hazards are fundamentally eliminated, working conditions are improved, and the working environment is safer.
(four) publicity and popularization of women's labor health knowledge.
Through the publicity and education of leaders and female workers, publicize the knowledge of protecting female workers from occupational harmful factors.
The labor protection of female workers is closely integrated with maternal and child health care.
(6) Carry out occupational health and medical research for women?
Occupational hazard factors include:
All kinds of harmful chemical, physical and biological factors existing in the workplace and produced in the operation process are called occupational hazard factors, which can be divided into the following categories according to their sources:
(A) harmful factors in the production process
1. Chemical factors
(1) productive poison. Such as lead, benzene, mercury, carbon monoxide and organophosphorus pesticides.
(2) Productive dust. Such as silica dust, coal dust, cement dust, asbestos dust and organic dust.
2. Physical factors
(1) Abnormal meteorological conditions. Such as high temperature, high humidity and low temperature.
(2) Abnormal air pressure. Such as high air pressure and low air pressure.
(3) Noise and vibration.
(4) Non-ionizing radiation. Such as ultraviolet rays, infrared rays, radio frequency radiation, microwaves, lasers and the like.
(5) Ionizing radiation. Such as α, β, γ, X-ray, etc.
3. Biological factors
Infectious pathogens such as anthrax, Brucella, and forest encephalitis virus.
(B) harmful factors in the process of labor
1. The labor organization and labor rest system are unreasonable.
2. Overwork and mental (psychological) stress.
3. The labor intensity is too high, the labor arrangement is improper, and it is impossible to reasonably arrange the work suitable for the physiological conditions of the workers.
4. Individual organs or systems are under too much pressure during childbirth. Such as eye fatigue.
5. Working with bad posture and posture for a long time or using unreasonable tools.
(c) Harmful factors in the production environment
1. The role of natural environmental factors. Such as solar radiation in hot season.
2. The factory building or layout is unreasonable. For example, toxic and non-toxic workshops are arranged in the same workshop.
3. Harmful factors discharged from other production processes pollute the production environment.