2. Cows are gourmet animals. Oral antibiotics will kill some beneficial microorganisms in the rumen of dairy cows, resulting in imbalance of microbial community in the rumen of dairy cows. Before the establishment of rumen microbial community in calves, in order to prevent diseases and promote growth, some antibiotics can be fed in moderation, and antibiotics should not be used at 7 ~ 8 months old.
3. Inject antibiotics into cows as little as possible. Because cows are timid and very sensitive, the stimulation during injection will affect the milk yield of cows. The vaccination technology of cattle will also affect the milk yield of dairy cows, especially in hot summer, so the combined vaccine should be used as much as possible.
4. The proportion of salt in concentrated feed should be controlled at 0.7 ~ 0.8%. In order to supplement the shortage of salt in concentrated feed, a trough can be set in the dairy farm, and salt or salt licking bricks can be put in the trough for dairy cows to lick freely.
5. The first mating age of dairy cows should be 18 ~ 20 months old and the weight should be about 380 kg. The two indicators should be considered comprehensively, so as to pay equal attention to sexual maturity and physical maturity.
Winter management of dairy cows
Strengthening the management of dairy cow feeding in winter is the key technology to improve dairy cow production. This paper summarizes the main technical measures of dairy cattle feeding management in winter. Although the temperature and humidity of the cowshed are controlled and kept warm, the temperature of the cowshed is generally kept at 8 ~ 65438 06℃, and the metabolic rate and heat production of dairy cows are at the lowest level in this range, indicating that feed consumption is low and the incidence rate is low. If the temperature in the barn is below 0℃, the cows will consume a lot of energy to maintain their body temperature. Therefore, in the cold winter, it is particularly important to maintain a suitable environmental temperature for dairy cows. The doors, windows and walls in the west and north of the cowshed should be tightly blocked to prevent thieves from invading, and curtains should be hung on the sunny side and doors and windows. In order to prevent moisture, the cowshed should be well ventilated, the humidity should not be too high, and the relative humidity should not exceed 55%. Excessive humidity will produce strong stimulation to dairy cows, which will not only affect the production of dairy cows, but also cause mange of dairy cows, which is not conducive to the hygiene of cowshed. So do a good job of ventilation every day, remove feces and urine in time, keep the house clean and dry, and the air is fresh. Improving feed standards and feed preparation and application In winter, most of the energy consumed by dairy cows is used to keep their body temperature, and the nutrients maintained and produced by dairy cows should be increased accordingly, which is generally 65,438+00% ~ 65,438+05% higher than that in feeding standard. Therefore, it is necessary to increase 15% mixed concentrate in winter to maintain or improve milk yield. Adjust the feed ratio and keep the feed diversified. In the aspect of dietary supply, the feed in protein is unchanged, and the proportion of energy feed should be increased (the supply of corn flour should be increased by 3% ~ 4%). In the aspect of roughage, it is necessary to ensure the feeding of silage, root tuber and distiller's grains to replace the green and juicy feed eaten by cows in summer and autumn. It is relatively simple to supplement a proper amount of trace elements in the feed composition of northern winter dairy cows. You can add 15% carrots to the feed to make lactating dairy cows produce more milk by 25%. Or add 7g synthetic carotene preparation to the diet, so that lactating cows can produce 200kg more milk in a milk production period. For dairy cows that don't produce milk, only a small amount of urea can be added to the feed to supplement part of protein. Generally, calves over 6 months old are fed 30-50g/ head every day, bred 70-90g/ head, and grow 150g/ head. However, urea has poor palatability, so it can be mixed with concentrate and grass at the ratio of 1%, and it is not suitable to drink water for half an hour after feeding. Make sure to add calcium and phosphorus to your daily diet. The lack of calcium and phosphorus will hinder the growth of cattle, and it is easy to suffer from rickets and rickets in severe cases. For milk yield and fetal growth and development, cows and pregnant cows will lose calcium and phosphorus from cow bones when the feed calcium and phosphorus are insufficient, and they will not be supplemented for a long time. Therefore, cows will suffer from osteoporosis, bone and limb deformation due to long-term decalcification, which will seriously affect their health and milk production level. Cows need 6 grams of calcium and 4 ~ 5 grams of phosphorus per kilogram of body weight, and 4.5 grams of calcium and 3 grams of phosphorus per 1 kilogram of milk. Problems needing attention in daily management that drinking water must be heated in winter. Cows eat more hay in winter, and the secretion of digestive juice increases. If they can't drink enough water, their appetite will decrease, resulting in a decrease in milk production. Low water temperature not only consumes heat energy in dairy cows, but also makes their body temperature drop by 2 ~ 3℃, which often causes diseases such as colds, fever and indigestion. At the same time, it will also cause breast contraction, inhibit lactation and affect milk production. If the water temperature is too high, the digestive ability of the cow's stomach will be reduced. The suitable drinking temperature for dairy cows in winter is: adult cows 12 ~ 14℃, cows 15 ~ 16℃, calves 35 ~ 38℃. Feeding cooked porridge to cows at about 38℃ in winter can not only improve their cold resistance, but also promote their lactation function and increase their milk yield. Especially at night, processing 1kg concentrate into hot porridge at 38℃ and feeding it to lactating cows can effectively increase milk yield 13%. The method is as follows: dilute the powder concentrate with a small amount of water, grind it into lumps, pour it into a pot and stir until it boils for 5 ~ 10 minutes, and the ratio of material to water is1:/kloc-0 ~1:15. Add a little salt to porridge to increase palatability and reduce fire. Strengthen exercise and increase working light hours. Cows are kept in sheds with poor light and dirty air for a long time in winter, and they can't get exercise, which will not only reduce milk production, but also lead to some diseases. I usually sunbathe outside at noon every day to breathe fresh air. In winter, the days are short and the nights are long, so it is particularly important to use artificial lighting. Because light can promote blood circulation and increase milk production. Generally, the daily illumination of lactating cows can reach 16 hours, which can ensure that the individual milk yield of dairy cows can be increased by more than 18%. It is an important work of cow management to brush and wipe the cow body and improve the hygiene of the cowshed. Brushing cattle body every day can remove dirt, dust and feces, help maintain body temperature and enhance disease resistance, keep cattle healthy, increase milk production, keep breasts and nipples clean, and make cattle develop docile and approachable habits. So brush it 2 ~ 3 times a day, 4 ~ 5 minutes/time. The circle should be kept clean and dry. It is best to spread soft grass on the place where cattle lie, and sprinkle some plant ash in wet places, which can not only disinfect and prevent diseases, but also absorb moisture and deodorize. If the dirty part of the cow has turned into dung, it can be scrubbed with warm water and then dried with a towel. After vaccination in winter, cattle must be vaccinated with foot-and-mouth disease vaccine to prevent infectious diseases in dairy cows, and the immunization rate is required to reach 100%. After feeding in summer and autumn, deworming cows are most susceptible to parasitic diseases, especially digestive tract diseases, which are harmful, not only affecting the health of cows, but also affecting milk production. Therefore, cows should take measures to repel insects after winter. Generally, abamectin or thiabendazole with broad spectrum, high efficiency and low toxicity can be selected for deworming, and cattle can be fed on an empty stomach at one time. Disinfection After cleaning the cowshed every day, the corridor of the cowshed must be sprayed with quicklime water for thorough disinfection to prevent the breeding of pathogenic microorganisms. Disinfect the cowshed with 10% ~ 20% bleaching powder once a week, and outsiders are prohibited from entering or leaving. Measures for heatstroke prevention and cooling of dairy cows in midsummer
Cows are cold-resistant and afraid of high temperature, which leads to the destruction or imbalance of heat balance. This phenomenon is called "heat stress" reaction, which not only significantly reduces the milk yield and reproduction rate, but also weakens the resistance and increases the incidence. Therefore, in summer, high-temperature cows
Feeding management should focus on heatstroke prevention and cooling, and the specific methods are as follows: adjusting the temperature of feeding environment. In midsummer, the temperature is high, the light is strong and the weather is hot. Cows have underdeveloped sweat glands and are afraid of heat. When the temperature of the barn exceeds 30 degrees, it will hinder the heat dissipation on the body surface of dairy cows and hinder metabolism. Therefore, ventilation holes or doors and windows should be opened frequently in midsummer season to promote air circulation and reduce the temperature of cowshed. If possible, an electric fan can be installed in the cowshed. When the weather is hot, after milking every afternoon, spray clean water on the cows to keep warm and increase their appetite. A pavilion should be set up on the sports ground to prevent cows from being exposed to the sun and rain. When cows have difficulty breathing, they can cook mung bean soup, drink it after cooling, and wipe the cow's forehead with "wind oil essence" to benefit the noses on both sides of the temple, so as to refresh themselves and relieve summer heat. Reasonable adjustment of diet and feeding, in order to maintain high milk yield, enhance the palatability of dairy cows, properly adjust the composition of diet and reduce the proportion of crude fiber, in addition to diversifying the types of concentrate, we should also improve the level of protein, feed more high-quality green feeds such as grass, vegetables and melons, and implement night grazing and night feeding, which is also a good method for heatstroke prevention and cooling. Provide enough clean water. The water consumption of dairy cows is related to external temperature, milk yield, individual, breed and age. In general, the daily water consumption of lactating cows is about 100kg. In addition to drinking water in the tank after feeding, a # free drinking tank is set up in the sports ground, and feed is put into the tank every time, and water is injected appropriately to induce dairy cows to drink and eat. Not only can clean drinking water be satisfied, but also it has a good effect on relieving "heat stress" reaction. At the same time, 0.5% salt can be added to the drinking water to promote the digestion of dairy cows and ensure their normal water metabolism. Eliminate mosquitoes and flies and prevent poisoning. In midsummer, there are many mosquitoes and flies, which not only bite cows, but also affect rest and reduce milk production, and also spread diseases through mosquitoes and flies. Therefore, screen doors and screens can be added to the cowshed to prevent mosquitoes and flies from biting cattle; Cattle can also be sprayed with 600 ~ 800 times of 90% trichlorfon solution to drive away mosquitoes and flies, but the concentration is too high to prevent the liquid from infiltrating into milk and preventing poisoning. At the same time, frequent use of pesticides in this season, a little carelessness, often leads to cow poisoning, so be careful not to cut grass and eat grass on the edge of farmland sprayed with pesticides and fertilizers. Don't feed cattle with rotten grass, fruits and dregs to prevent poisoning. Look at the appetite: healthy cows have a big appetite, eat forage faster, and start ruminating after eating (commonly known as pouring foam). If the forage is fresh and moldy, it is a sign of illness if cows are found to be just sniffing the forage and unwilling to eat or eat less. Look at the dung and urine: the dung of healthy cows is round, with high edges and a concave center, emitting a fresh smell of cow dung; The urine is light yellow and transparent. If it is found that the stool is granular or the cow has diarrhea, it even smells bad, mixed with blood and thick juice; Urine also changes, such as the color turns yellow or red, which is a sign that cattle are sick. Temperature measurement: it is to measure the temperature of dairy cows through rectum with a thermometer. Normal body temperature is 37.5 ~ 39.5℃. If the body temperature is above or below the normal range, it is a sign of illness. Attitude: Healthy cows have agile movements, flexible eyes, wagging tails from time to time and shiny fur. If cows are found with dull eyes, rough fur, hunched back, standing still, or even shaking their tails, it is a sign of illness. Look at the nose mirror: no matter whether the weather is hot or cold, there will always be sweat and ruddy color on the nose of a healthy cow. If the nose mirror is dry and there is no sweat, it is a sign of illness. Record milk yield: Compared with the difference of milk yield each time, the milk yield of healthy cows is relatively stable. If milk production suddenly drops, it is a sign of illness. Key points of newly-built dairy farm
First, buy cows and pay attention to quality.
The benefits of raising cattle are mainly realized by selling milk and small cows, and the milk market is the most important factor to determine the scale of dairy production. This requires investors to seriously study the relationship between supply and demand and the development potential of the milk market, and avoid blindly following the trend and blindly launching the horse, and avoid being eager for success and blindly seeking big. The scale of the cattle farm is too large, and the following problems are difficult to solve: 1. Niuyuan; 2. Feces and sewage treatment; 3. Sources and supply channels of green feed.
The newly-built dairy farm must attach importance to the acquisition of cattle from the beginning of construction and close the acquisition of cattle. In order to ensure the quality of purchased cows, it is suggested that it is best to buy them in large-scale standardized dairy farms, because such dairy farms have good quality, perfect records and standardized breeding systems.
Second, I am willing to invest reasonably in building houses.
The cost of raising cows is high and the investment is large. Producers should allocate limited funds reasonably and give full play to the best effect. Although dairy cows have the characteristics of "cold tolerance and heat intolerance", the construction of dairy farms in our province should also be based on the premise of "cold protection, indoor drying, convenient feeding and feces removal", and there is no need to build dairy farms too luxuriously. To build a dairy farm, milking machines and cold milk equipment should be matched as much as possible, and good quality should be selected. The milking machine with excellent performance has high working efficiency, good hygiene quality and long use time, which is beneficial to ensure the health of dairy cows. Pipeline milking machine can be used in farms with 200 ~ 400 cows, and hall milking is most suitable for farms with 500 ~ 600 cows.
Third, establish records, know fairly well.
To build a dairy farm, it is necessary to establish and improve the necessary records at the beginning, including production records and breeding records; Farmers should also establish necessary records, clearly record the number, source, external blood, age, parity, lactation month, milk yield, estrus mating, pregnancy, expected date of delivery, feed consumption, etc. of their cows, so as to know fairly well. The individual milk yield statistics of dairy cows can be recorded by 1 month for one day, with the interval not exceeding 28-33 days multiplied by 30 or the actual number of days per month. At the end of each dairy cow or at the end of a lactation period, the actual milk production of each dairy cow in a lactation period can be counted.
Fourth, prepare enough forage and use full-price materials.
Cows are herbivorous livestock, which need to eat a lot of hay and green feed every day, and supplement the nutrition needed for milk production with concentrate every day. The author provides the following figures for reference. As for the full-price ingredients, the same amount of dry corn flour can be added to the concentrate produced by large feed manufacturers, or a small feed processing room can be built at the same time as the feed warehouse, and the full-price compound feed can be processed by itself after purchasing premix from large manufacturers.
Fifth, do a good job in reproduction and produce more calves.
The reproductive performance of dairy cows not only affects the increase of the number and quality of dairy cows, but also affects the production performance and economic benefits of dairy cows, because it is impossible for dairy cows to produce milk without calving. Low reproductive performance not only reduces the economic benefits of dairy farms and farmers, but also reduces the total milk production of dairy cows in their lifetime. Due to the reproductive disorder of dairy cows, the number of fasting days of dairy cows has increased, which has increased the feeding cost. Therefore, managers must pay attention to the reproductive performance of dairy cows. For a simple example, there are two dairy farmers, A and B, who each have 10 cows. Under the condition that the quality and feeding conditions of cows are basically the same, family A produces one calf 10 a year, while family B only produces five calves due to reproductive problems. From selling milk in 2008, there is a big difference between annual income and profit. The general requirements for cow breeding are: normal development cows 15 ~ 16 months old can be bred when their weight reaches 350 ~ 380 kg. Cows should give birth to their first baby at the age of 24 ~ 25 months and get pregnant 80 ~ 90 days after delivery, so as to keep giving birth to one baby every 12 ~ 13 months.
Improve the conception rate of dairy cows
One side: fried Rhizoma Cyperi and Poria 45g, moxibustion Pinellia orange peel 40g, fried Rhizoma Atractylodis 50g, Liuqu 100g. Daily 1 dose, decocted twice for 6 days, and stopped taking medicine 1 day for 1 course of treatment. Generally, it is advisable to take one tablet in estrus cycle (that is, about 3 courses of treatment). This prescription is suitable for healthy and obese dairy cows that are not in estrus or estrus and are often infertile. Prescription 2: 2.5 kg of fresh Zizyphus jujuba root bark, 3 kg of fresh Pinus elliottii, and 0.50 g of Epimedium/KLOC-0. After the four ingredients are mixed, they are divided into three equal parts, each part 1 dose. The effect is obvious. Three parties: squab 1 pair, whole fur moxibustion, grinding, 250-400g of dried ginger (or 500g of fresh ginger) and 500-700g of aged wine. When the cow is in estrus, it should be taken orally with the old medicine and bred after 3-5 hours. Sifang: 250 grams of motherwort, 30 grams of safflower and 500 grams of black beans, decocted. 1 dose once every other day, it is advisable to take 2 ~ 3 doses continuously. This recipe is suitable for cows that are not in heat. Five prescriptions: Diluent was prepared according to the ratio of 1g iodine tablets, 3g potassium iodide and 6g distilled water. At the same time, take 4ml of stock solution and add 200ml of distilled water to wash the uterus. The method has obvious curative effect on cow infertility caused by chronic endometritis, suppurative metritis, catarrhal cervicitis and vaginitis. Hexagonal: barley malt 120g, angelica sinensis, safflower, rehmannia root and wolfberry bark each 60g, black beans 500 ~ 1000g, boiled in water. Dairy cows were fed 1 ~ 3 days after estrus, with a daily dose of 1 dose, taking 3 doses continuously, and mating the next day after taking the third dose. This prescription is suitable for cows with normal estrus and repeated infertility. Seven prescriptions: ovarian insufficiency, intramuscular injection of 0.5% neostigmine 2 ml, three times in a row, with an interval of 48 hours each time. For the third time, 1000 IU pregnant horse serum can be injected at the same time, and 82.4% cows can recover their functions. Eight directions: For cows with recessive endometritis, 2 hours before estrus mating, after washing the uterus with 200 ~ 500ml normal saline, inject 40 ~10000000 units of penicillin and 0/0000000 units of streptomycin, and then inseminate in time, and the pregnancy rate is over 60%. Nine prescriptions: intramuscular injection of vitamins. 15 ~ 20 minutes after insemination, intramuscular injection of vitamin E500 mg can increase the estrus pregnancy rate 14.4%. On the day of insemination, 5 ~ 6 days after insemination, intramuscular injection of 580,000 units of vitamin A, 365,438+units of vitamin D and E500 mg of vitamin E can increase the pregnancy rate in one estrus by 20%. Formula 10: Adding penicillin and streptomycin into 50% ~ 70% glucose solution and injecting it into uterus after artificial insemination for 6 ~ 8 hours can increase the pregnancy rate of cows with endometritis by 26% ~ 50%. The eleventh prescription: the first and second estrus after delivery, 5-7 minutes after insemination, each muscle is injected with 400,000-500,000 units of oxytocin, and the pregnancy rate is increased by 20%. Twelve prescriptions: intramuscular injection of gonadotropin 10 mg can increase the pregnancy rate12% ~19.1%; The pregnancy rate of repeatedly infertile cows can be increased by 26. 1%. Thirteen prescriptions: For ovarian hypofunction or cyst, continuous injection of oleoprogesterone (50 mg each time) for 6 days, combined with injection of pregnant horse serum gonadotropin (2400 ~ 3500 international units), can make more than 42% of cattle pregnant. Shisifang: intramuscular injection of prostaglandin F for two days, 20 ~ 25ml, 45 ~ 60 days after delivery, the pregnancy rate can reach 73% ~ 85%. 20 ml colostrum and 2 ml 0.5% neostigmine were injected subcutaneously into long-term infertile cows, and the pregnancy rate increased by 24%. First, look at the chest.
Breast is the most important organ of dairy cows, so you must pay attention to the choice of breasts when choosing a good cow. Attention should be paid to the shape, size and quality of breasts. High-yield cows should have huge breasts, extending forward to the abdomen, filling the thighs backwards and protruding behind the body. The anterior, posterior, left and right breast areas are well developed, with moderate nipple thickness and length, cylindrical shape and wide interval, and the bottom of the breast is higher than hock joint. The breast mirror is wide, and the breasts of high-yield cows are abnormally enlarged and elastic before milking. After milking, it is obviously reduced and softened, forming many wrinkles. If the breast is still hard after milking, it is called fleshy breast. No matter how big the breasts are, the milk yield will not be high. Generally speaking, it is necessary to choose cows whose breast volume changes greatly before and after milking. Secondly, breast veins should be thick and curved, breast wells should be large and deep, breast skin should be thin and meticulous, and coat should be short and sparse.
Second, look at the appearance
Black-and-white cows are tall and strong, with good combination of all parts and symmetrical posture. Generally, adult cattle are over 130 cm in height, 170 cm in length and 500 ~ 700 kg in weight. The head, neck, shoulder blades and hind legs are angular and clear; The skin is thin and elastic, capillary and shiny; The main color is black and white flowers with clear boundaries.
Third, look at the chest, abdomen and waist.
Chest circumference is a sign of the degree of cardiopulmonary development. The chest is wide and deep, and the volume is large, indicating that the heart and lungs are well developed. Narrow chest and shallow chest are not desirable. The back and waist should be straight, flat, wide and long. Carp back, concave back, wavy back and narrow back are all serious defects.
Fourth, look at the head, neck and shoulders.
The head is long and narrow, exquisite and graceful, with graceful outline, large nostrils and wide nose mirror, wide mouth, deep mouth crack and obvious boundaries. Eyes should be round, bright and bright. Small, dull or fierce cows are not allowed. The angle should be slender, dense and smooth, and bend forward and upward. The neck should be slender, naturally and well combined with the head and shoulders, and the shoulders should be close to the body arms and properly inclined, compact and powerful.
Fifth, look at hooves and limbs.
Strong limbs, straight hooves, no O-legs or X-legs, and nearly round soles.
Sixth, look at the coffin department
The width, flatness or slight inclination of the rafters are the signs of the developed hindquarters. The reproductive organs of dairy cows should be large, plump and completely closed.
Seven, look at the teeth and horns.
1.5 ~ 2 years old deciduous teeth shed to grow permanent forceps teeth, 2.5 ~ 3 years old inner middle teeth, 3.5 ~ 4 years old outer middle teeth, 4.5 ~ 5 years old horn teeth, 6 years old forceps teeth were rectangular, 7 years old triangular, 8 years old quadrangular or equilateral, 10 years old gradually rounded. The formation of horns is like tree rings. Therefore, the age of cows can be roughly judged according to the growth characteristics of horns. Similarly, according to the law of tooth growth and tooth loss, the age of cattle can be roughly judged.
It is suggested that when farmers buy breeding cattle, they should not only ask for the pedigree and epidemic prevention and quarantine certificate of cows, but also carefully observe the appearance and appearance of cows. More importantly, they should know when cows milk and see the milk production level. But it's best to hire a professional to check for you, and beware of being deceived, causing unnecessary economic losses and mental stress.