1. Idealism medical model The development level of ancient productive forces was low and scientific knowledge was poor, mainly idealism medical model. At that time, there was no naturalistic understanding of the cause of tumor.
2. Natural philosophy medical model With the development of social production, human beings gradually understand natural phenomena, and strive to explain the etiology and pathogenesis of tumors from a naturalistic perspective, and have accumulated a lot of experience in treating diseases with animals, plants and minerals with pharmacological effects. This is an empirical medical model-the medical model of natural philosophy. This has a natural philosophical understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of tumors. Although these understandings are reasonable on the whole, they are sketchy in details and lack the support of "decisive experiment" evidence of empirical science, so they can only be many hypotheses worthy of attention.
3. Mechanical medical model16 ~17th century, the European Renaissance brought the industrial revolution, promoted scientific progress and influenced medical concepts. At that time, people were compared to machines, and diseases were considered as mechanical failures of a certain part of this "machine". Explaining all human phenomena from a mechanistic point of view ignores the inherent contradictions of human biology, sociality and complexity. The doctor's task is to repair machines, cure headaches and foot pains. This is a mechanical medical model based on "machine repair" (treatment). The understanding of tumor etiology and pathogenesis under the guidance of this medical model is limited by the failure of some components, and even far less correct and reasonable than that under the guidance of natural philosophy medical model, such as traditional Chinese medicine.
4. Biomedical model1After the 8th century to19th century, the industrial revolution reached its climax. Based on the high development of natural science and medicine, biologists and physicians put forward the theory of evolution and cell theory, and found pathogenic factors such as microorganisms. These scientific facts make people have a more correct understanding of health and diseases, and the understanding of infectious diseases and the discovery of pathogenic microorganisms have clearly defined the causes of diseases from a biological point of view, forming a biomedical model. On this basis, vaccination was used to prevent infectious diseases, immunology was established and various vaccines were developed one after another. For decades, the incidence of infectious diseases has dropped significantly, from treating diseases to preventing diseases. The understanding of tumor etiology led by this medical model mainly focuses on biological cells, genes and physical, chemical and biological factors that can have a great influence on them. And made a breakthrough in related understanding, forming today's mainstream understanding. However, regret still exists, at least, ecological, social and psychological factors are not taken into account. It requires people to treat tumors, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases like infectious diseases. Obviously, this is not enough.
5. At the beginning of the 20th century, people realized that the occurrence of diseases was related to the destruction of the ecological balance of the human body's internal and external environment, and further put forward the eco-ecological medical model. The primary stage of ecological medicine focuses on the external environment, that is, the natural environment and social environment, while the later stage focuses on the internal environment (micro-environment and micro-ecology), that is, if people want to live a long and healthy life, they must unify the internal and external environment and maintain the micro-ecological balance among normal microorganisms in the body, so as to prevent diseases and provide health care for them. On the basis of this theory, various microecological preparations have been developed at home and abroad to restore and maintain the microecological balance in vivo and achieve the purpose of health care. Generally speaking, this medical model can be regarded as a "return" to the spirit of TCM medical model at a higher level. Because it emphasizes the harmony between man and nature and the coordination within the human body, and these are the essence of the Chinese medicine model. The model has also made some progress in the understanding of tumors, because under its influence, the internal and external ecological and environmental factors related to tumor onset have been highly valued and many research progress has been made.
6. The era of bio-psychological-social medical model is developing constantly, and the consciousness is constantly improving. People realize that the occurrence of health or disease is also related to social, behavioral and psychological factors. Therefore, since the late 1970s, the bio-psychological-social medical model has been advocated. Modern people are almost no longer afraid of infectious diseases, but cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and malignant tumors still threaten human health, and these diseases are closely related to psychological tension, environmental pollution, social culture and personal behavior. Man is not only a kind of advanced creature, but also has social attributes, and factors such as culture and ethics all affect him or her. These factors not only induce the occurrence and development of many diseases, but also determine his health and longevity, or the development and prognosis of many diseases. Therefore, the bio-psychological-social medical model can guide people to observe and solve modern health and disease problems more comprehensively and objectively. In particular, the understanding and response to the etiology, pathogenesis and prevention of extremely complex diseases such as tumors will highlight its significance. 2 1 century has arrived, and people will have higher expectations for the positive role of bio-psychological-social medical model in tumor prevention and treatment.