Newborn nursing knowledge
1, temperature and light
Newborns are somewhat uncomfortable with the change of external temperature difference. The suitable indoor temperature should be kept at 25℃ ~ 28℃, and the temperature should be reduced appropriately in midsummer, but it should be kept warm in winter. However, it is best to put a heater next to them when ventilating. But indoor light should not be too dark or too bright. Some parents think that newborns are less sensitive to light and are afraid of irritating their eyes. They often like to hang heavy curtains. In fact, this is not appropriate. Babies should learn to adapt to natural indoor light and avoid direct sunlight.
2. Clothes and diapers
Neonatal underwear (including diapers) should be soft and easy to absorb water, and it is best not to use chemical fiber or printing and dyeing fabrics; Clothes should be light in color, which is easy to find dirt and prevent dyes from irritating newborn skin; Clothes should be as loose as possible, which does not interfere with physical activities and is convenient to put on and take off.
Diapers are made of soft cotton fabric, which has good water absorption and should be washed and changed frequently. Usually change it more than 4 times during the day and more than 2 times at night. Little ass should be cleaned every time and applied with a proper amount of skin care agent; Choose diapers with good quality and air permeability, try to use diapers at home, and use them when going out or sleeping? Diapers? ; Note that diapers or diapers should not be wrapped too tightly, so that the limbs can stretch freely. Source: 0 123.cn
3, sleep and sleeping position
Sleeping posture affects breathing, and the newborn's head is soft. Good sleeping posture is beneficial to the development of the head. It is recommended to have a comfortable pillow with a thickness of 1 ~ 2 cm, slightly concave in the middle and slightly raised at both ends.
The best sleeping position is lying on your back or side to avoid pressing your chest and lungs. It is recommended to sleep on your side after feeding to avoid suffocation caused by overflowing or choking milk. When taking the supine position, always change your posture; Due to strong activity, full-term babies can lie prone in the first few days after birth to facilitate the outflow of respiratory secretions and prevent vomit from flowing back into the trachea. But when they lie prone, they must take a pillow and put their heads aside. At this time, parents should be watching.
4. Breastfeeding and feeding
Neonatal feeding is a university question. The expert's opinion is to breastfeed as soon as possible after birth, usually about half an hour after birth. If the mother does not secrete milk for the time being, try to let the newborn suck the nipple to promote milk secretion and enhance the relationship between mother and baby.
Mother should wash her hands and clean her nipples before breastfeeding. When breastfeeding, it is best to empty one breast to feed, and then change the other breast next time to prevent the accumulation of residual milk in the breast. If there is still excess milk after feeding a breast, it is best to squeeze it out to promote normal lactation of the breast and avoid milk accumulation or secondary infection.
When feeding artificially, the size of nipple hole should be moderate, and pay attention to the temperature. When feeding with a nipple, try not to let the baby inhale air to avoid spitting milk, but pat the baby's back after feeding to avoid gas accumulation. In addition, bottles and nipples should be strictly boiled and disinfected. Feeding does not need to pay too much attention to timing. Under normal circumstances, feed it every 4 hours, and every time it is based on the principle of eating well: that is, the baby does not cry or make trouble after breastfeeding, and its weight grows normally.
5, facial features nursing
Pay attention to the cleanliness of the newborn's face, external auditory canal and nostrils, but don't dig the external auditory canal and nasal cavity.
Because the oral mucosa is delicate and rich in blood vessels, it is easy to scratch and cause infection, so don't scrub your mouth hard often. Newborns sometimes have yellow and white spots on the gingival margin (commonly known as? Horse teeth? ), this is a normal physiological phenomenon, it will disappear after a few weeks of birth, don't look? Horse teeth? For unlucky things, don't use needles, especially unclean needles, to prevent bacteria from entering the body from here and causing septicemia.
Keep your eyes clean. If there are many eye secretions, you can wipe them with warm water or normal saline, and then drop eye drops.
6, stool observation
If the newborn has not urinated 24 hours after birth, it should be fed with warm water and washed with warm water to promote urination.
Most normal newborns begin to defecate within 12 hours after birth, and the feces of newborns are generally dark green within 1 ~ 2 days after birth, and then gradually turn yellow, soft and sticky, and the feces are thick and dark green. Meconium? 2 ~ 3 days after birth. Breast-fed newborns generally have golden yellow and thin stools, which are discharged about 6 times a day; Artificial feeding or mixed feeding, the stool is slightly dry and dark, and the relative frequency is reduced.
Note that if there are yellow particles in the stool, it may be a digestive problem of the newborn. At this time, if breastfeeding, the mother should reduce the intake of oil, and the diet is slightly light, but light does not mean that she is a vegetarian, just eat less salt and spicy substances; In case of artificial or mixed feeding
Otherwise, it may be related to the concentration of milk powder, and it should be adjusted according to the matching standard in the manual.
7. Vaccinate
Newborns can be vaccinated with BCG (tuberculosis) and hepatitis B vaccine within 6 hours after birth, and premature infants, dystocia, congenital malformation, fever, diarrhea and severe eczema will not be vaccinated for the time being.
If the baby's parents have hepatitis B, they should inject hepatitis B vaccine into the muscle within one day after the baby is born, or take other measures.
For about a month and a half, the vast majority of newborns vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine have no abnormal reaction. Newborns vaccinated with BCG may have swelling, induration and purulent left arm. Parents don't have to worry, because suppuration is a sign of successful immune effect, but don't scratch it. In case it is broken or suppurated during bathing or dressing, you should go to the hospital for corresponding treatment.
In addition, we should pay attention to the health of family members, especially those who have more contact with children. Their health is very important to the baby's health. People suffering from tuberculosis, hepatitis, dysentery and other infectious diseases should pay attention to isolation and avoid touching babies to avoid infection.
Daily nursing care of newborns and its countermeasures
1. What should I pay attention to when shaking my newborn?
Most newborns like to be hugged by their mothers and gently returned. However, when some young parents hug and cry again or find it difficult to sleep, they will make the baby tremble constantly. The more the baby cries, the more parents shake, so that the baby will fall asleep quietly soon. In fact, this practice is very harmful to the baby, and even leads to: trembling syndrome. The head of a newborn
The skull is bigger, heavier and the neck is softer. Moreover, in the neonatal period and infancy, the baby can't do the self-protection action of the skull. Therefore, violent shaking will form a huge impact force in the baby's brain, causing brain tissue to collide with the skull, brain tissue to collide with each other, edema will appear in the affected part, and even blood vessels will rupture, and even limb paralysis, brain edema and even death will be caused in severe cases. This disease is extremely harmful, but it has no obvious manifestations at ordinary times and is not easy to attract the attention of parents. So try to avoid violent shaking and holding the baby, so as not to make a big mistake.
Basic steps of holding a newborn baby
1. Bend down to hold the newborn's head, neck, back and buttocks. The specific method is to bend slowly to the baby from the side or front, with one hand reaching into his neck to hold the big head of the newborn and the other hand between his back and buttocks to hold the lower body of the newborn.
2. Get up and gently and smoothly pick up the newborn, transfer the whole weight of the newborn to your hands, and make sure that your head is firmly held in your hands, then stand up and hold him to your chest. Even if the baby is crying, parents should be calm and can comfort the baby with relaxed words.
3. Hold the baby flat or vertically on the chest, then let go of the newborn, and make sure to support the newborn's head. Otherwise, the newborn will have head tilt back and limbs shake. In a state of panic. When putting the baby down, hold the baby's head with your arms and put it on the bed smoothly. At the same time, you can also look at your baby with gentle eyes and comfort with words.
2. Time of umbilical cord shedding.
The navel is the only channel for the mother to supply the fetus with nutrition and excrete waste. Under normal circumstances, the umbilical cord naturally shrinks 24-48 hours after birth, starts to fall off in 3-4 days, and 10- 15 days heals itself.
After umbilical cord ligation, the blood vessels in the umbilical fossa wound are not completely closed, and the umbilical fossa is easy to accumulate water and is not easy to dry. Therefore, it is easy to breed germs, cause infection, and even septicemia in severe cases. Therefore, check the navel of the newborn every day, keep it clean and dry, and be free from urine and feces pollution; Before the umbilical cord falls off, it should be kept dry and not bathed all over. 75% alcohol cotton swab can be used to wipe umbilical root every day. After the umbilical cord falls off, there may still be secretions in the umbilical recess. At this time, it is still necessary to disinfect with alcohol or apply 2% gentian violet to promote drying. If there is scab, the scab skin should be removed and the roots should be thoroughly cleaned. Navel can't be smeared with prickly heat powder casually to avoid infection. Once you have symptoms of infection, you must see a doctor in time.
3. How to observe the urine of newborns
If the newborn does not urinate 48 hours after birth, it should be considered whether the newborn has congenital urinary system diseases, such as congenital hypoplasia or urethral obstruction, and further examination should be made. Normal newborns should begin to urinate within 24 hours after birth, and urinate about 4-5 times a day in the first few days, because there is less liquid intake. After 1 week, with the increase of lactation, urination can reach 7- 12 times a day, sometimes even more than 20 times. Normal urine of newborns is light yellow or colorless, clear and transparent, and has no peculiar smell. If the frequency of urine is obviously reduced compared with usual, or the urine color is obviously abnormal, red or crimson, and the taste is abnormal. , belongs to the abnormal phenomenon, should be handled in time.
4. Why is the newborn's stool black at first?
Full-term newborns excrete meconium within 24 hours after birth. Premature infants often delay meconium excretion because of less meconium formation and weak intestinal peristalsis. Under normal circumstances, the fetal stool is dark green, sticky and tasteless, mainly composed of bile, intestinal secretions, epithelial cells exfoliated from intestinal mucosa, amniotic fluid and digestive juice swallowed by the fetus in the fetus. Generally, the fetal stool is discharged within 3-4 days.
If there is still no meconium discharge within 24 hours after the full-term newborn is born, it is necessary to consider whether the newborn has congenital malformation of digestive tract and ask the doctor for a detailed examination.
5. When can I give the newborn a bath?
Newborns tend to spill or spit milk, and milk will flow to clothes, neck, chest and even ears. In addition, newborns have a strong metabolism, are prone to sweating, and have a lot of urination. Therefore, their skin and clothes get dirty very easily. For healthy newborns, as long as conditions permit, they can wipe and bathe every day within 24 hours after birth. Scrub the child's head, face, buttocks and skin wrinkles every morning and evening, and increase the number of baths in summer. For newborns who are underweight (below 2kg), in poor health or unconditionally take a bath every day, scrub and clean at least once a day.
6. It is unscientific to use talcum powder for newborns.
After the newborn takes a bath, some mothers are used to applying talcum powder to the newborn. In fact, this is very unscientific. Newborns have good skin, thin cuticle and weak defense ability, so they are very vulnerable to infection. At the same time, the newborn's metabolism is fast, sweat glands on the skin are vigorous, and talcum powder is produced.
Under the action of neonatal sweat, it is easy to form powdery lumps, which accumulate in the folds of the skin, blocking the secretion of sweat glands in the skin and producing eczema. Moreover, the powder will rub the newborn's skin, causing redness and even inflammation. Therefore, it is best not to use talcum powder for bathing in neonatal period.
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