What's the pollution of making solar cells?

At present, the batteries we know mainly include solar cells, chemical energy cells, thermoelectric cells, fuel cells and atomic cells. Among them, chemical energy batteries can be divided into voltaic batteries, storage batteries, dry batteries, alkaline batteries and miniature batteries. The common ones around us are mainly storage batteries, dry batteries and alkaline batteries. Taking dry batteries and storage batteries as examples, their compositions are studied. We took apart a carbon-zinc battery in our spare time and found that its surface is a cylinder made of zinc (according to the data, in order to increase the toughness and strength of zinc sheet, slow down the corrosion of zinc sheet and prolong the battery life, aluminum, cadmium, mercury and other substances were added to zinc sheet). There is a paste electrolyte in the zinc tube, the main components are ammonium chloride and manganese dioxide, and there is a carbon rod in the middle. The whole battery is sealed with asphalt to prevent the components from leaking out. From this analysis, it can be seen that chemical batteries mainly contain heavy metals such as mercury, cadmium, lead, nickel, zinc and copper. As we all know, these heavy metals are harmful to human body. For example, mercury can make people loose their teeth, lose their hair, shake their fingers and go insane. The Minamata disease incident in Japan from 1953 to 1956 is the best proof. Cadmium: Cadmium compounds can cause metal fever, which can cause pulmonary edema in severe cases. Chronic poisoning is mainly manifested as pulmonary edema, kidney disease and bone damage, with prominent symptoms of musculoskeletal joint pain and proteinuria. For example, the tragic events from 1955 to 1972 in Shenneng Chuangu, Toyama Prefecture, Japan were caused by cadmium poisoning. Lead and lead compounds: it can cause headache, dizziness, insomnia, trance, fatigue, irritability, joint pain and neurological dysfunction, and fingers can be slightly trembling and anemia. Nickel and nickel salts: can cause metal fever, severe wind itching and eczema. Nickel carbonyl can cause headache, dizziness, heavy hair, unsteady gait, nausea, vomiting, chest tightness and other mental paralysis, which seriously stimulates the respiratory tract and causes pulmonary edema. In order to verify its harm, we did the following experiments: We put the water soaked in 1, No.5 and No.7 batteries in three fish tanks A, B and C, let it stand for a while, then put three healthy goldfish in fish tank D, and put water in fish tank D to raise a healthy goldfish. The observation results are as follows: jujube \ fish tank A B C D is normal, normal, normal, normal, normal, lazy swimming in the afternoon. I didn't eat the next morning, turned over and refused to eat, and had adverse reactions. In normal afternoon, he died without eating, his dull eyes refused to eat, he died on the third day in normal morning, he was lazy and his dull eyes didn't eat in the afternoon, and he died on the fourth day in normal afternoon. Changfu: Fish D survived normally for fifteen days after the experiment. We dissected the dead fish and found that the vertebral ashes of fish A, B and C were black, the vertebra of fish A was bent at the tail, and fish D was all right. According to the data, these phenomena are caused by heavy metal ions. Second, the recycling of waste batteries China is a big country in battery production and consumption. At present, there are more than 1400 battery manufacturers in China. By 65,438+0,999, the battery output has reached 6,543.8+0.5 billion, and there are about 366 million households in China, which need about 4.4 billion batteries every year. Compared with most developed countries in the world. The recovery rate of waste batteries in China is extremely low. It is understood that 96% of the batteries produced in China are zinc-manganese batteries, and their main components are metals such as manganese, mercury, zinc and chromium. No matter whether the waste battery is buried underground or exposed to the atmosphere, its heavy metal components will overflow with leachate, causing groundwater and soil pollution, which will seriously endanger human health over time. Waste battery pollution has become a major environmental problem to be solved urgently. Faced with such a serious environmental problem, because the domestic waste battery treatment industry has not yet established a set of industrialized and large-scale operation mode and lacks policy support, the recycling of waste batteries in China is facing a very embarrassing situation. According to Xinhua News Agency, a bottled water producer in Guilin, Guangxi, advertised in the local media in June 200012000, exchanging 30 waste batteries for a bucket of water. 300 old batteries for 1 water dispenser. As soon as this advertisement came out, they collected 800 kilograms of waste batteries in just two days, but they never imagined that they spent 1 10,000 yuan to buy a troublesome thing to care about environmental protection. When they contacted the environmental protection department, the environmental protection department, while affirming this action, told them that there was no factory in Guilin that could handle waste batteries at present, so they could only keep them carefully and could not cause secondary problems. It can be seen that the technology of waste battery treatment in China is still very low, and it is still necessary to increase technical input to solve various problems in the process of waste battery treatment. Third, the recycling of used batteries, which are not waste, contains a lot of non-ferrous metals, which are valuable resources on the earth. The most valuable disposal method of waste batteries is recycling, from which useful resources can be extracted to turn waste into treasure. According to environmental experts, 95% of substances in waste batteries can be recycled, especially heavy metals, with a recycling value as high as1000 g. Among them, 82g mercury and 88g cadmium, 100Kg waste lead battery can recover 50-60Kg lead, and 100Kg waste battery containing cadmium can recover 20Kg metal cadmium, which is undoubtedly a valuable resource for human beings facing decreasing resources. Relatively speaking, foreign developed countries pay more attention to the recycling of used batteries than China. Many countries have special recycling bins for used batteries not only in shops, but also in the streets. Switzerland has two factories specializing in the treatment and utilization of waste batteries. Compared with them, China is ashamed. At present, there are three effective methods to treat waste batteries: heat treatment, wet treatment and vacuum treatment. These three methods can effectively recycle valuable resources from waste batteries. In China, waste batteries are generally treated by landfill and incineration. These methods not only recycle valuable resources in waste batteries, but also cause environmental pollution, which is not worth advocating. In view of the above situation, we especially put forward the following suggestions: 1, put the waste battery recycling bucket; 2. Regular door-to-door acquisitions; 3, battery classification (ordinary battery, button cell); 4. Classified storage in urban warehouses; 5, centralized storage, waiting for the introduction of domestic waste battery recycling technology; 6. Increase investment in technology and capital, and accelerate the recycling of used batteries and technology development. 7. Introduce foreign advanced technology and learn from outsiders.