The custom of smoking first started there. How many years have it been now?

The debate about the origin of tobacco has a long history. In the discussion at home and abroad, the origin of tobacco is nothing more than the United States, Asia and Africa. These three statements seem to have some basis, but the internationally recognized statement of the origin of modern tobacco is: 1492. Columbus discovered tobacco in South America and brought it back to Europe. In the next hundred years, countless people in the east and west were conquered by this magical plant. Although there are different opinions that tobacco was introduced into China, it seems that tobacco is an "exotic product". However, according to research, as early as the Yin and Shang Dynasties, tobacco was discovered in southwest minority areas in China, and it was a custom for local people to grow tobacco. Because the rulers of past dynasties regarded tobacco as "the harm of vegetable valley" and banned it from time to time, the cultivation and production of tobacco were intermittent and failed to popularize. In addition, China has always had a "big fellow" thought, and all texts and historical materials have extensively described Han affairs, but the customs and habits of ethnic minorities, agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery, etc. Little known, so there are few records handed down from generation to generation and few poems reflected. It was not until the Six Dynasties, the Five Dynasties, the Song Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty that the tobacco of ethnic minorities was gradually absorbed and recorded. In fact, China should be one of the countries of origin of tobacco. In addition, in addition to the discovery of tobacco in South America, native wild tobacco has been found in many parts of the world, and native tobacco has also been found in Africa and Oceania. Therefore, the sources of tobacco may be diverse. Only the tobacco named "Tobacco" discovered by Columbus in South America has now become the most widely spread tobacco genus in the world. Some scholars believe that tobacco existed in Asia and other places long before it was discovered in America. Many historians support the view that tobacco originated in Asia. They think that China and the Mongols had the habit of smoking long before Columbus discovered America. Because, before the ice age, Asians migrated to North America through the Alaska Continental Bridge. Subsequently, these Americans and Mongolians came to the south of China with tobacco seeds. Another archaeologist believes that the portraits in the pipe carvings unearthed in American tombs are similar to the Mongolian race, so they are judged to be Indians who evolved after the Mongols immigrated to America. In recent years, when studying the history of tobacco and compiling local tobacco records, a group of scholars and experts in the tobacco industry in China raised many questions about the view that tobacco has only been in China for more than 400 years. After some textual research, they put forward the view that "tobacco originated in China or Mongolia" in East Asia. Tobacco originated in China. At present, there are only two kinds of tobacco widely planted: safflower tobacco and yellow flower tobacco. Judging from the materials currently available, these two varieties were introduced into China from the United States. However, there are also wild cigarettes in China, and the "wild cigarettes" recorded in Herbal Medicine of South Yunnan is an example. In Mianzhu, Sichuan and many other places, there are still weeds called "wild tobacco", whose leaves are similar in shape to tobacco, with smaller plants and slightly lighter leaves, but no one uses them as a substitute for tobacco. In addition, there is a wild herb in the shady place of Songshan Mountain in Henan Province, which looks like tobacco, and the locals have the habit of picking and smoking. This plant is also distributed in Qinling Mountains. The so-called Huashan ginseng refers to the root of this plant, which is poisonous and inedible. In addition, there is a kind of perennial wild tobacco distributed in southern Yunnan and Xishuangbanna, which has good insect resistance. There are also wild tobacco in Longshan and Shaoyang areas. Although the current textual research is not complete, it can also be considered that there may be tobacco native plants distributed in tropical Asia and subtropical and temperate zones in China. According to documents, there are legends and physical evidence of tobacco in China around the 5th century. The following are some statements about the source and cultivation of tobacco. According to China folklore, tobacco originated in the Three Kingdoms period. According to legend, Zhuge Liang discovered a plant named "Cao Yunxiang" in the process of "capturing Meng Huo seven times". Later, Deng Zhoubing under Zhuge Liang brought back some seeds, and tobacco began to exist. This statement is found in Anhui, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Shaanxi and other provinces in China. According to the book Tobacco published by the International Trade Bureau of the Ministry of Industry of the Republic of China 1948 in February, "Shaanxi and Gansu are rich in hookahs, which are green cigarettes. Zhuge Liang, the prime minister of the Han dynasty, recruited soldiers and barbarians, and the camp was filled with miasma, making the soldiers uneasy. They consulted the natives and got nine leaves of cloud incense, which can be avoided. Later, this kind of grass was transplanted to Gaolan, Gansu Province, and it was found that hookah can stimulate the appetite, strengthen the spleen, resolve phlegm and relieve cough, so farmers planted it one after another, merchants trafficked it one after another, and the hookah industry flourished. " The legend of Zhu Gekongming's expedition to the south and Yunxiang's treatment is still a beautiful talk among the tobacco-producing areas in China. In the Tujia and Miao areas of western Hunan, the song of salt source has been circulated so far: it is said that salt source originated in the Three Kingdoms and conquered barbarians. Kong Ming personally ordered soldiers to bind Yuan and Li. Meng Huo was defeated and had nowhere to hide, so he locked himself in a silver pit. Because of Kong Ming's good plan, he kept playing and pulling. Around, smoked with herbs and peppers. Among them, there is a kind of gold leaf, which is better than dozens of others. Seeing that he was smoked to death, Meng Huo had no choice but to show his true colors. In fact, gold leaf is called tobacco, which has been passed down to the present. Another example is the happy song circulated in Luochuan, Shaanxi Province, which sings like this: Liu Bei has smoked all his life and married his sister Sun Quan; Guan Yu smoked a mouthful of cigarettes, beheaded six, and passed five levels; Zhang Fei took a cigarette and slapped it behind Lu Bu's purple and gold crown. Zhaoyun smoked a mouthful, and he was killed in front of Longbanpo; Kong Ming smoked a mouthful of cigarettes, and if he could squeeze it out, he would be immortal; Zhao Yun didn't smoke in those days. He leads a horse for Yuan Shao. Judging from these two folk songs, there was tobacco in the Three Kingdoms period. In many tobacco-producing areas in China, especially in areas where sun-cured tobacco is concentrated, it is almost unanimous that Zhuge Liang discovered tobacco and used it to avoid diseases. The famous hookah in Lanzhou, Gansu Province is made of local yellow tobacco, which farmers call yellow tobacco, leek leaves and vanilla. The tobacco farmers in Yanzhou, Shandong Province and Dengxian County, Henan Province, the famous sun-cured tobacco producing areas in China, believe that the tobacco they are planting now is the vanilla of Zhuge Liang in the Three Kingdoms to avoid miasma. After cultivation and domestication, it evolved from wild tobacco to today's sun-cured tobacco. Tobacco originated in the Han Dynasty, which said that it was recorded in the tobacco annals of Songyang, Zhejiang Province. As early as the Han Dynasty, officials were responsible for collecting taxes. According to the records of local historians, in recent years, it was found that there was a Xiongnu envoy married to Wang Zhaojun in the mural "Zhaojun's Journey to the Fortress", carrying a tobacco pouch and a tobacco pouch. Zhaojun was a native of the late Western Han Dynasty. In 33 BC, he was ordered to leave the fortress and marry Uhaanyehe, a Hun. This shows that the Huns and other ethnic minorities had the habit of tobacco and smoking 2000 years ago. Tobacco originated from the famous scholar Chen Cong's Tobacco Spectrum in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. This is a special book about the history, smoking and cultivation of tobacco. He once mentioned in this book that "there was tobacco in the Northern and Southern Dynasties". This period is similar to Central and South America in the 5th century. Tobacco originated in the Tang Dynasty. Liu Yuxi, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote Zhuzhi Ci, which reflected the smoking situation of ethnic minorities in western Hunan: the whip was carefully connected with the pipe bag, and the two fell in love; Swallows have mud in their mouths and silkworms have silk in their bellies. This poem vividly describes the whole process of smoking with anthropomorphic brushwork. Gansu Workers' Daily once published the origin of Tang Taiyan: "Luochuan, Gansu, was once a summer resort in the Tang Dynasty. In 756-762 AD, Tang Suzong had a dream that he chased a group of fairies to a mountain in Xiangyun, and the fairies suddenly disappeared in a colorful smoke. The emperor broke out in a sweat, but he couldn't find the fairy anywhere. I have to write down the geomorphological features of this mountain. The next day, I sent someone to search everywhere and found Luo Chuan all the way. So he ordered a palace to be built in Luochuan. Later, Tang Suzong went to Mount Tai Temple in Luochuan to ask for a son for his wife and queen. There was a fragrance floating on the road, which refreshed him and ordered the imperial secretary to find incense to visit. It turned out that an old man came over with a bag of dry cigarettes in his mouth, and the smell of smoke curled up. So, Mr. Su took a drag on the dry cigarette pan and suddenly felt refreshed and fragrant. Immediately under the imperial edict, Luochuan drought cigarettes as a tribute. After Su Zong finished smoking a bag of cigarettes, he scattered the ash on the ridge of the field, which was later called "Tangtai", and the tobacco leaves here were called "Tangtai cigarettes". As can be seen from the above records, there was a custom of smoking in the Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty or even earlier, there were records that many people used Farfalla, Datura and other smoking agents to treat asthma. Tang's prescription for treating asthma in "The Secret of Outer Taiwan" records: "Take a little of Tussilago farfara and chicken eggs every day, and mix the flowers with less honey to make them moist. Take an iron pot, drill a hole with a tile bowl and put a small bamboo tube in it. At the joint of the bowl and the pot, all the surfaces are covered with mud to avoid air leakage. When the pot burns charcoal for an hour, the smoke of Tussilago farfara comes out of the tube, and then the smoke is sucked down with the tube in your mouth, swallowed ... and sucked up. "This passage is an early record of tobacco medicine, which can not only explain the medicinal value of tobacco, but also serve as evidence of existing tobacco in the Tang Dynasty. American scholar Wolff said in his book Oriental Tobacco that tobacco originated in Mongolia in Southeast Asia. Because American Indians are Mongolians from Asia, the first smokers in the world should be China and Mongolians from East Asia. They may have crossed the Bering Strait Continental Bridge from Siberia with tobacco seeds and smoking habits before the 15000-2000 Ice Age. Later, tobacco returned to China via Europe. According to the drug dictionary, the western name of tobacco is Tamaguo. "Tan Ba, Dan Meat Pot, Dangui and other titles. "In the record of Dengxian Tobacco, it is the transliteration of mbth Tobago, which is the same as the so-called Tabaguo island in Europe-there is an island called" Tobago "not far from the east coast of Venezuela, and its original word is Tobago. Data show that Indians are engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. Crops include soybeans, corn, potatoes, tomatoes, sunflowers and cinchona, but there is no tobacco. This also shows that the origin of tobacco is not the United States. According to the characteristics of tobacco, Huanghua tobacco is used to warm and cold high latitude areas, so the cold Mongolian plateau adapts to its growth. According to tobacco science and technology, the words "Made on April 24th, 28th year of Jiajing" are engraved on the pipe unearthed in Guangxi. This shows that people had the habit of smoking as early as the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty. There are many doubts about the statement that tobacco is imported. It is reported that tobacco was introduced into China during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, and almost all tobacco-producing areas in mainland China began to grow tobacco on a large scale around this period. Imagine that it took a long time for tobacco to spread from the coast to the mainland, and it was impossible to plant it on a large scale as soon as it came to the mainland. Moreover, at the end of the Ming Dynasty, overseas things would not be so easy to spread and popularize, let alone transplant tropical plants to cold areas! It can be considered that tobacco originated in East Asia and returned to China after a great cycle, which can explain some problems. Judging from the habit of tobacco itself, safflower tobacco prefers heat to cold, and its seeds are not easy to mature because of insufficient temperature. On the other hand, yellow-flowered tobacco can grow in tropical and cold regions. So safflower tobacco comes from Latin America, and yellow flower tobacco is native to China. From a disciplinary point of view, safflower tobacco is named Tobaco or Tobacura, which is a variant of the European sound Fobago, while Huanghua tobacco is named Rvstica, which are not from the same place. There is also a variation that tobacco came from Mongolia and was brought to America by Xiongnu, and then gradually changed in the spread from north to south, so it became a mature seed after many variations in tropical, temperate and cold zones, and could grow in temperate and cold zones. The origin of tobacco is the United States. Traditionally, tobacco originated in Central and North America, and smoking also began in North America. The Concise Encyclopedia of Britain said: "Ordinary tobacco originated in the United States, Mexico and the West Indies. "This is the most authoritative statement in contemporary times. Textual research from ancient documents shows that smoking in North America is almost related to mysterious religion, that is to say, the use of tobacco by North American Indians is inseparable from religion. Morgan recorded in "Ancient Society": "When the tribes of (North India) held an administrative meeting, the host sometimes stood up, put tobacco in a peaceful pipe, lit the pipe on a firewood, and then sprayed the smoke three times in a row, spraying it on the zenith for the first time, expressing gratitude to the gods for protecting their lives in the past year; The second time was sprayed underground to express gratitude to Mother Earth for all the products she brought to sustain their lives. The third flower is sprayed to the sun to express gratitude to the sun god and thank the sun for its eternal light, which shines on everything. "They were the initiators of introducing tobacco into religion at first, and regarded tobacco as a sacred spirit and a symbol of war and peace. For example, when two tribes are at daggers drawn, if one wants to make peace, he can give the other a pipe or tobacco. If the other party accepts it, it means that it is willing to peace; If not, it means there will be a river of blood next. Therefore, northern Indians also call pipes "peace pipes", and smoking together means peace and friendship. It is said that the sun leader of the Nashir people in Louisiana, USA, still insists on the original ceremony. North American Indians believe that the anesthetic state of cigarettes is a supernatural state of absence, and the dream in this state is undoubtedly the revelation of the Holy Spirit. Therefore, tobacco has become an irreplaceable object between contacts and gods, and it is also a sacred sacrifice to the worship of heaven. Its origin was also covered with a mysterious religious veil, which played a great role in primitive religious ceremonies. Indians also use tobacco in celebration ceremonies. When they hold the adult ceremony, they blow the smoke contained in the halo to the young people to pray for their future blessings. When holding tribal banquets and harvest celebrations, tobacco is also essential, because smoking can excite people and increase the lively atmosphere of banquets and celebrations. In some tribes in Brazil, when witches and wizards hold crazy secret meetings, they will smoke to make themselves into a state of absence in order to meet the elves, so tobacco is called "sacred grass" here. The most authoritative evidence of the origin theory of tobacco in North America is that archaeologists found the remaining tobacco and cut tobacco in pipes in caves inhabited by Indians in northern Arizona, USA, dating back to around 650 AD. In addition, there is a semi-relief painting in a temple in Bechlan, Já paz, southern Mexico, in which a Maya smokes a long pipe and blows a cigarette with it during a sacrificial ceremony. His head is still wrapped in tobacco leaves. It can also be seen from this relief painting that Indians regard tobacco as an "artifact" of religious ceremonies. Wolf recorded in the book "Aromatic Smoke": "In 432 AD, in Chiapas, Mexico, there was a picture of a Mayan priest playing smoking with a pipe, which was decorated on the cross of the auditorium, indicating that the smoke in this pipe could be blown to any corner of the earth. "It is reported that as early as BC, there were murals of indigenous people worshiping the sun and offering sacrifices to smoking in North America. According to some archaeological analysis, as early as 3500 years ago, indigenous people living in North America had the custom of smoking. It is reported that as early as 4,000 years ago, when human beings were in primitive society, tobacco entered the life of Latin Americans, and the Mayans at that time began to grow and smoke tobacco. They originally evolved by chewing tobacco leaves.