Teaching objectives
1. Knowledge and skills
① Name the main features of cancer cells.
② It can identify and distinguish some common carcinogens.
③ Understand that cancer is the cumulative effect of gene mutation.
2. Process and method
① Guide students to use the characteristics of cancer cells to explain the related symptoms of cancer, and cultivate students' inquiry consciousness and logical thinking ability.
② Cultivate students' ability of cooperation and communication by guiding them to inquire, sort out and analyze cancer-related materials.
3. Emotional attitudes and values
By discussing the relationship between healthy lifestyle and cancer prevention, we can know how to prevent cancer, choose healthy lifestyle and treat cancer correctly.
Emphasis and difficulty in teaching
1. Teaching focus
① Characteristics of cancer cells
② Carcinogenic factors
2. Teaching difficulties
Cancer is the cumulative effect of gene mutation.
teaching process
Section IV Introduction of Carcinogenesis of Cells
1. Show photos of Apple co-founder Steve Jobs and famous singer Bella, pointing out that both celebrities died of cancer;
2. In today's society, cancer has seriously threatened human health. The ancients talked about the color change of the tiger, and today people talk about the color change of cancer. Why is cancer so horrible and why is it produced?
Subject: cell carcinoma
Teaching knowledge goal 1: characteristics of cancer cells
Display material 1: Hela cell line
Guide students to analyze the characteristics of cancer cells: 1: With sufficient nutrition, they can proliferate indefinitely and never die.
Data 2: Pictures related to cancer cells
Guide students to analyze the characteristics of cancer cells. Morphological and structural changes and metamorphosis.
Data 3: Relevant data of cancer cell metastasis.
Guide students to analyze the characteristics of cancer cells. 3. The surface of cancer cells has changed and can spread and metastasize.
Discussion: 1. Considering the characteristics of cancer, why do cancer patients lose weight?
2. When should we choose to cure cancer?
The second goal of imparting knowledge: the direct cause of cell canceration, carcinogenic factors
Question: Don't be overexposed to ultraviolet rays in your life. We emphasize eating less pickled food and injecting hepatitis B vaccine regularly. Why?
PPT shows daily cases and pictures that are easy to induce cancer, and guides students to classify according to the classification principle of natural science.
According to the explanation in the slide and the carcinogenic factors encountered in real life, students classify and summarize:
Physical carcinogens: mainly refers to radiation carcinogens, such as ultraviolet rays and x-rays.
Chemical carcinogens: inorganic substances such as asbestos, arsenic compounds, cadmium compounds, etc. Organic substances such as formaldehyde, coal tar and benzene.
Viral carcinogens: such as Routh sarcoma virus (people infected with hepatitis B are much more likely to suffer from liver cancer than normal people).
The third goal of imparting knowledge: the root cause of cell canceration
Guide students to read books and find out the concepts of proto-oncogene and tumor suppressor gene. The concepts of protooncogene and tumor suppressor gene are pointed out. It is pointed out that both proto-oncogene and tumor suppressor gene regulate cell cycle.
Proto-oncogene: It mainly regulates the cell cycle and controls the process of cell growth and division.
Tumor suppressor gene: mainly to prevent abnormal proliferation of tissues and cells.
Summary: Cell canceration is the result of gene mutation, and cancer is the cumulative effect of gene mutation.
Goal 4 of teaching knowledge: the definition of cancer cells
Through the study of related content, guide students to give a comprehensive definition of cancer cells:
Cancer cells refer to cells stimulated by carcinogenic factors, and the genetic material in the cells changes, becoming malignant proliferative cells out of the control of the body.
Goal 5 of teaching knowledge: cancer prevention
Question:? Is the disease from the mouth? Is it suitable for cancer?
Guide students to discuss how to prevent cancer (from the aspects of food, clothing, housing and transportation, etc.) )
Activity class summary
homework
Write a suggestion, correct the bad habits of people around you, and put forward lifestyle and suggestions for cancer prevention.
One-year biology compulsory course 1 preparation of the second teaching plan of "cell canceration"
Teaching objectives
1. Knowledge and skills: (1) Describe the main characteristics of cancer cells; (2) Name the external factors (carcinogenic factors) that lead to cell canceration.
2. Process and Methods: To explore the relationship between healthy lifestyle and cancer prevention by data analysis.
3. Emotional attitudes and values: Explore the prevention and treatment of malignant tumors, and choose a healthy lifestyle and a positive attitude towards life.
Emphasis and difficulty in teaching
Teaching emphasis: (1) The main characteristics of cancer cells; (2) Carcinogenic factors
Difficulties in teaching: the difference between proto-oncogene and tumor suppressor gene
teaching process
Import import new lesson
Everyone knows that nature is magical and everything interacts with each other. Any living thing has its own natural enemies, but human beings have no natural enemies on the earth, but they have life-threatening enemies, that is, disease! Any disease can kill people. According to statistics, there are four diseases, which we call? The four killers are cardiovascular disease, cancer, AIDS and diabetes.
Let's look at a set of pictures together to remember the people we are familiar with and like; Movie superstar? The ever-changing queen Anita Mui; Sister Lin in A Dream of Red Mansions is familiar to us: Chen. Maybe it's a gift of jealousy, marked in blue. These people we miss were all killed by one of the four killers-cancer.
Let's look at two more charts. The number of new cancer cases worldwide and the number of cancer deaths in China each year? Attention, everyone: the unit of both charts is 10 thousand! )
We have studied the complete life course of cells before. As we all know, cells have a certain life, shape and function. Some cells in normal body are undergoing division and differentiation, such as hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow; Some do not divide, but perform important functions, such as myocardial cells and nerve cells in the human body; Some apoptotic cells are aging, such as epidermal cells on the skin surface. However, after some cells are stimulated by the external environment, the genetic material in the cells will change, and these cells are no longer controlled by the body and continue to proliferate viciously. We say that this cell is a cancer cell. The external factor of cell canceration is what we call carcinogen. Because of the spread of cancer cells, the body is sick, and such a disease is the cancer that we are afraid of when we hear it! So everyone should have some knowledge about cancer?
Speaking of cancer, we have to mention? Tumor? This concept. Tumors are mature or normal cells in the body, which over-proliferate or abnormally differentiate to form new organisms under the long-term effect of related factors. Therefore, some people say that cancer is a tumor. To your knowledge, is this correct? Let's discuss it.
There must be a result, right? Tumors are divided into benign tumors and malignant tumors. Benign tumors grow slowly, with clear boundaries with surrounding tissues and no metastasis. Malignant tumor grows rapidly and can be transferred, but it also produces harmful substances, destroys normal organ structure, makes the body dysfunctional and threatens life. What is this called? Cancer? .
What else? Cancer? It is formed by multiple cancer cells, which means that the structural basis of cancer is cancer cells. Maybe students will have some questions: what is cancer cell? What are the characteristics of cancer cells? How to prevent cancer? With these questions, let's learn today's lesson: cell cancer. (blackboard writing)
Teach the characteristics of cancer cells
(1) research data
To study and understand new things, we must have research data. We study the mechanism of cancer and understand the characteristics of cancer cells. Scientists discovered Hella cells through exploration. Hella cells come from a female cervical cancer patient named Hella. She has been dead for 58 years, but the cancer cells taken from her have been passed down from generation to generation in the laboratory. Speaking of cancer cells, according to your preview, I also mentioned the relevant knowledge of cancer cells when I introduced the formation of cancer. Do you know the concept of cancer cells? Let's take a look at it again: some cells in the body are affected by carcinogens, and the genetic material in the cells changes, becoming malignant proliferating cells out of the control of the body and continuing to divide.
(2) Features
Knowing what cancer cells are, why can they take people's lives? This is related to its characteristics.
Compare these two pictures: the proliferation patterns of normal cells and cancer cells. What conclusion can you draw? (Students think and discuss) Who can tell me? Yes! Under suitable conditions, cancer cells can proliferate indefinitely, which is the first characteristic of cancer cells. (blackboard writing)
We continue to observe two pictures of cells-normal fibroblasts and cancerous fibroblasts. What changes do you think have taken place in cancer cells compared with normal cells? (Students discuss) This is the pattern diagram. Let's look at a real micrograph of fibroblasts after canceration. Obviously, what we see is spherical cells. What conclusion can you draw from this? The morphological structure of cancer cells has changed significantly, which is the second main feature of cancer cells. (blackboard writing)
Let's take a look at this schematic diagram of the spread and metastasis of cancer cells. Obviously, cancer cells are transferred from one tissue to another through lymphatic vessels or blood vessels. I want to ask you a question, can normal tissue cells be transferred? Yes, normal tissues and cells cannot be transferred at will. Cells are connected and fixed in a certain area. Think about what makes cells relatively fixed. Students can answer glycoproteins, or they can be instructed by teachers. Here, you can imagine whether hawthorn is made into a sticky candied haws or a sticky candied haws. It is the decrease of glycoprotein on the surface of cancer cells and the decrease of intercellular adhesion that make cells easy to metastasize. Again, this is the third major feature of cancer cells.
Teach the causes of canceration
After understanding the concept and characteristics of cancer cells, everyone must want to know why normal cells in the body become cancerous. Think about it, are people in China particular about it? Internal and external training? Abnormal differentiation and proliferation of cells are also the result of interaction between internal and external factors. Let's talk about external factors-carcinogenic factors. After last class, I let everyone preview the content of this class. Who can tell me that carcinogens are well classified! Include physical, chemical and viral carcinogens.
A. Let's first learn about physical carcinogens: radiation (ultraviolet rays, X-rays, ionizing radiation, etc. (Introduce three pictures and the next PPT).
B. Category II carcinogens: chemical carcinogens. Chemically, substances are divided into inorganic substances and organic substances, and carcinogenic factors also include inorganic substances? Such as asbestos, arsenic compounds, chromium compounds, cadmium compounds and organic substances? Such as aflatoxin, nitrosamine, nicotine, formaldehyde, benzene, benzidine, coal tar, benzopyrene, etc. Introduce some casually, such as nitrous acid? Ask the students to read the PPT content of the command button and explain it a little.
C. The last carcinogen: viral carcinogen. Viruses such as hepatitis B virus and H7N9 virus infect human cells, integrate their genes into human genome, and induce cell canceration.
External factors play a role through internal factors. Knowing the external factors, we can understand and master the following internal factors and their functions. Through the previous research, we know that all life activities of cells are directly or indirectly regulated by genetic material DNA, and there are also DNA fragments (genes) in cells that specifically control cell division, differentiation, aging and death, including proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
Proto-oncogene is a gene related to cell proliferation in cells, which is necessary to maintain normal life activities of the body and is responsible for regulating cell cycle and controlling the process of cell growth and division. Highly conserved in evolution. When the structure or regulatory region of proto-oncogene changes, gene products increase or activity is enhanced, and cells proliferate excessively, thus forming tumors.
Tumor suppressor genes, also known as anti-cancer genes, exist in normal cells. When activated, they can inhibit cell proliferation, but in some cases, they can weaken or even eliminate genes that inhibit cancer. Under normal circumstances, they play an important role in the regulation of cell development, growth and differentiation.
In order to understand the internal factors of cell canceration more clearly, let's look at a flow chart. (Introduction map)
Teach prevention and treatment.
Cancer, a term that sounds terrible, has no effective measures and drugs to cure it. But can we? Plan ahead? Do a good job in prevention, so what measures should we take to prevent cancer? Let's discuss it. We all know that sunlight contains a considerable amount of ultraviolet rays and other rays. Now the ozone hole is getting bigger and bigger, and it is easy to get skin cancer if you spend a long time in the sun. So, can we still bask in the sun? What should I do? To sum up, you can bask in the sun properly before 8: 00 am and after 5: 00 pm. When the sun is strong, you need to apply sunscreen and take a sun umbrella when you go out. But don't be afraid of getting skin cancer. You know, proper ultraviolet rays help to absorb calcium! What other aspects of daily life need attention? For example, don't move in immediately after the house is renovated; Computers, televisions, mobile phones, etc. There is radiation, so try to stay away from them; In addition, smoking, we have seen the lungs of a smoker and a normal person before, and the difference is particularly great! So if your relatives smoke, try to discourage them. In addition, second-hand smoke is also very harmful. The reason why smoking is not allowed in public places is not only for health, but also for our health!
Please read the textbook P. 127, data analysis:? Healthy lifestyle and cancer prevention? . (Half a minute later) What's the word again? Is the disease from the mouth? Cancer is also a disease, and it also comes from? Mouth? Really? Let's take a look at these three pictures. Is the food attractive? French fries, hot and sour powder, fried chicken legs, wow! It is really delicious! Did the saliva come out? Delicious is delicious, but you can't eat more. They all contain toxic substances-acrylamide, nitrosamines and benzopyrene, which belong to the chemical carcinogens we just learned! Let's look at this form again. (One minute) These foods we often eat contain many carcinogens, such as aflatoxin, nitrite, benzopyrene, preservatives and food additives. And the nutrients are low. So (teachers and students sum up together). In order to be healthy, we should eat more of these foods: soybeans, animal livers and so on.
Besides paying more attention to diet, what should we do? (Students discuss and teachers summarize)
The answer is: strengthen physical fitness, maintain mental health, develop good living habits, and actively take protective measures from all aspects.
Summary after class
After learning some knowledge about cancer, let's make a summary and review the knowledge points. (Teachers and students use PPT to summarize). I have chosen four research topics for you as your homework. You can choose one to do. However, if you want to do one more or finish it all, I don't mind!
We have completed the requirements of the syllabus of this course. In order to broaden your knowledge, let's learn about the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Commonly used diagnostic methods include pathological section microscopic observation, CT, nuclear magnetic resonance and oncogene detection. Now everyone is good at using the Internet to find information. The specific mechanism of these methods should be understood by interested students themselves, so I won't say much.
Too many details. What other conventional treatments are known to all? Let's take a look at their introduction and differences: surgical resection requires early detection of cancer tissue before complete resection; Does radiotherapy use high-energy x-rays or? Radiation is concentrated on the diseased part, killing cancer cells. Radiotherapy is not suitable for patients with enlarged lesions; Chemotherapy mainly uses anticancer drugs to kill cancer cells. The mixed use of various anticancer drugs can often achieve better curative effect with little side effects. In addition to conventional methods, we now have Chinese medicine, stem cell therapy, endocrine therapy, immunotherapy, biotherapy and other methods to treat cancer. Similarly, interested students can consult the materials themselves and exchange information after class.
homework
1. Some people have been addicted to smoking for a long time and unfortunately got lung cancer in their later years. What caused his canceration ()
A. Physical carcinogens B. Chemical carcinogens
C. Viral carcinogens D. Physical and chemical carcinogens
2. Proto-oncogenes are ubiquitous in chromosomes of human and animal cells, but most people do not suffer from cancer, and only a few people suffer from cancer. The reason is ()
A. Proto-oncogenes cannot be activated B. Under normal circumstances, proto-oncogenes are inhibited.
C. Cancer cells are caused by abnormal cell differentiation. Most people are immune to cancer cells.
3. A complete cell in the human body is likely to have () if it divides more than 60 times in a row.
A. strong differentiation ability B. totipotency enhancement C. aging D. canceration
4. The following statement about proto-oncogene is incorrect ()
A. Abnormal genes in cells B. Both tumor suppressor genes * * * regulate cell cycle.
C. Proto-oncogenes are activated, leading to cell canceration D. Normal genes that can be activated by internal and external factors.
5. The reason why cancer cells are easy to spread is ()
A. cancer cells have no contact inhibition. B. the intercellular adhesion decreased.
C. cells can proliferate indefinitely through blood or lymphatic metastasis.
6. The role of carcinogenic factors is mainly ()
A. reducing the amount of genetic material in cells; B, denaturing protein in cells.
C. affect the activity of some enzymes in cells D. lead to the mutation of related genes in cells
7. (Judgment) Cancer cells are cells that can divide constantly ()
8. (Judgment) There are genes related to canceration in all cells of human body ()
Write on the blackboard.
Cell canceration
First of all, the concept of cancer cells
Second, the characteristics of cancer cells
(1) Under suitable conditions, cancer cells can proliferate indefinitely.
(2) The morphological structure of cancer cells changed significantly.
(3) The surface of cancer cells changes.
Third, the causes of cancer
External causes: physical, chemical and viral carcinogens.
Internal cause: mutation of proto-oncogene or tumor suppressor gene.
Fourth, prevent cancer.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Diagnosis and treatment of cancer