(1) Pollution reduction: It often occurs in areas dominated by coal and oil, and the main pollutants are sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and particulate matter.
(2) Oxidation pollution: automobile exhaust pollution and photochemical pollution.
(3) Oil pollution: it mainly comes from automobile emissions, oil smelting and petrochemical plant emissions, including nitrogen dioxide, olefins, alkanes and alcohols.
(4) Other special pollution: mainly various chemicals discharged by various industrial enterprises.
First, the main types of air pollution in China
According to the needs of research and pollution control, air pollution is classified manually.
1. According to the chemical properties of pollutants and their atmospheric conditions, air pollution can be divided into reducing air pollution and oxidizing air pollution.
(1) The reduced air pollution mostly occurs in areas where coal is the main fuel and oil is also used, so it is also called soot air pollution. The main pollutants are sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and particulate matter. On cloudy days with low temperature, high humidity and weak wind, especially when there is inversion, these primary pollutants are easy to gather at low altitude, forming reduced smoke and causing pollution accidents. For example, the "London fog haze" that happened in Britain in the early days belongs to this situation, so this kind of air pollution is also called London fog haze.
(2) Oxidized air pollution mostly occurs in areas where oil is the main fuel, and pollutants mainly come from automobile exhaust, so it is also called automobile exhaust air pollution. The main primary pollutants are carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and methane (hydrocarbons). They generate photochemical reactions under the action of short-wave light from the sun, and generate secondary pollutants such as aldehydes, O3 and PAN. These pollutants are highly oxidizing, irritating to the mucous membranes of the eyes and making people cry. The famous smog in Los Angeles is a typical oxidized air pollution.
2. According to the nature of fuel and the composition of pollutants, air pollution can be divided into four types: coal-burning type, petroleum type, mixed type and special type.
(1) The main pollutants of coal-based air pollution are primary pollutants such as flue gas, dust and SO2 released during coal combustion, and secondary pollutants such as sulfuric acid and sulfate aerosol generated by chemical reaction of these pollutants. The pollution source is mainly the smoke emission from industrial enterprises, followed by the smoke emission from heating equipment such as domestic stoves.
(2) The main pollutants of petroleum-based air pollution come from automobile exhaust, petroleum smelting and petrochemical plant exhaust emissions. The main pollutants are NO2, olefins, alkanes, alcohols and carbonyl compounds. , and a series of intermediate products and final products such as ozone and atmospheric free radicals formed by them in the atmosphere.
(3) The main pollutants of mixed air pollution come from coal-fired pollution sources, oil pollution sources and various chemicals discharged by factories and enterprises. For example, the pollution incidents in Yokohama, Kawasaki and other areas in Japan belong to this type of pollution.
(4) Special air pollution Special pollution refers to the pollution caused by special gases emitted by relevant factories and enterprises. This kind of pollution is usually confined to local areas. Such as fluorine pollution caused by special gas emitted by phosphate fertilizer production enterprises, chlorine pollution formed around aluminum-alkali industry, etc. Second, the harm and influence of air pollution
3. Harm of air pollution to human body and health
The harm of air pollutants to human body mainly comes from three ways: first, human body is injured after touching the ground; second, food containing air pollutants and water poisoning are eaten by mistake; third, people suffer from various serious diseases after inhaling polluted air. As can be seen from the following table, all kinds of air pollutants enter the human body through various channels, which have many effects on the human body. Moreover, its harm is extremely serious.
Air pollution endangers the survival and development of living things.
Air pollution mainly harms the survival and development of organisms through three ways: first, it poisons or dries up organisms; Second, it slows down the normal development of organisms; Third, reduce the resistance of organisms to pests and diseases. Long-term exposure of plants to air pollution during the growing period will damage their leaves and weaken photosynthesis; It damages the internal structure and makes plants wither until they die. Among all kinds of harmful gases, sulfur dioxide, chlorine and hydrogen fluoride are the most harmful to plants. The damage of air pollution to animals is mainly respiratory tract infection and eating food polluted by air. Among them, arsenic, fluorine, lead and molybdenum are the most harmful. Air pollution makes animals weak and even die. Air pollution also kills soil microorganisms in the form of acid rain, acidifying soil, reducing soil fertility and endangering crops and forests.
5. Corrosion of objects by air pollution
Air pollutants have corrosive effects on instruments, equipment and buildings. For example, rust spots on metal buildings and severe weathering of ancient cultural relics have caused chemical damage and defilement to textiles, clothing, leather, metal products, building materials, cultural works of art and so on.
6. Impact of air pollution on global atmospheric environment
The development of air pollution has transcended national boundaries so far, and its harm has spread all over the world. The impact on the global atmosphere is obviously manifested in three aspects: first, ozone layer destruction, second, acid rain corrosion, and third, global warming. The increase of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide will lead to the warming of the earth's atmosphere and the increase of global weather disasters. Another example is the increase of aerosol particles such as smoke and dust, which will increase atmospheric turbidity, weaken solar radiation, affect the long-wave radiation of the earth, and may lead to abnormal weather and climate. How to prevent and control air pollution and reduce its harm and influence has become a major and urgent research topic.
legal ground
People's Republic of China (PRC) Air Pollution Prevention and Control Law
Article 2 The prevention and control of air pollution should aim at improving the quality of the atmospheric environment, adhere to source control, give priority to planning, change the mode of economic development, optimize the industrial structure and layout, and adjust the energy structure. To prevent and control air pollution, it is necessary to strengthen the comprehensive prevention and control of air pollution such as coal burning, industry, motor vehicles and ships, dust and agriculture, carry out joint prevention and control of regional air pollution, and implement coordinated control of atmospheric pollutants such as particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds and ammonia and greenhouse gases.
Thirteenth formulate the quality standards of products containing volatile organic compounds such as coal, petroleum coke, biomass fuel, coatings, fireworks and boilers. , should be clear about the requirements of atmospheric environmental protection. The formulation of fuel quality standards shall conform to the requirements of national air pollutant control, and be linked with the national air pollutant emission standards for motor vehicles, ships and non-road mobile machinery, and implemented simultaneously.
The non-road mobile machinery mentioned in the preceding paragraph refers to mobile machinery equipped with engines and transportable industrial equipment.
Thirty-second relevant departments of the State Council and local people's governments at all levels shall take measures to adjust the energy structure and promote the production and use of clean energy; Optimize the utilization of coal, promote the clean and efficient utilization of coal, gradually reduce the proportion of coal in primary energy consumption, and reduce the emission of air pollutants in the process of coal production, use and transformation.