Endogenous factors include dental diseases and systemic diseases, while exogenous factors mainly include exogenous pigment deposition, tartar and tartar adhesion.
Disease factors
enamel hypoplasia
It refers to the structural abnormality of enamel caused by systemic diseases, nutritional disorders or severe periapical infection during the tooth development of deciduous teeth.
In mild cases, the enamel morphology is basically complete, only the color and transparency have changed;
In severe cases, there is a substantial defect on the tooth surface, that is, there is a banded or nested brown depression in enamel.
decayed tooth
Dental caries is a disease in which the hard tissues of teeth are slowly and progressively destroyed under the influence of many factors (mainly bacteria).
In the early stage, the hard tissue of teeth was demineralized and the enamel was chalky. Followed by pigmentation in the lesion, local yellow-brown or brown. With the continuous demineralization of inorganic components and the destruction and decomposition of organic components, the tooth tissue is loose and softened, and eventually defects and cavities appear. Due to the lack of self-repair ability, once a tooth cavity is formed, it cannot recover itself.
According to the depth of the lesion, it can be divided into shallow caries, moderate caries and deep caries.
Shallow caries can be divided into pit and fissure caries and glossy surface caries. The color of the damaged part of pit and fissure caries turns black, and it feels rough with a probe or can be hooked to the tip of the probe. Caries in glossy surface are generally chalky, yellowish brown or brown spots. Patients are generally unconscious and have no obvious response to cold, heat, acid and sweet stimuli. X-ray examination is helpful to find the hidden dental caries.
The caries of middle caries have reached shallow dentin, forming cavities. Dentin in the cavity softens to yellowish brown or dark brown. Patients are sensitive to sweet and sour stimuli, and eating too cold and too hot can also produce a sense of pain, especially cold stimuli, but the symptoms disappear immediately after the stimuli are removed.
The cavity of deep caries is deep and large, reaching the dentin. The appearance color of the adjacent deep caries changes slightly, the cavity is small and the lesion is deeply damaged. There is no spontaneous pain in deep caries, but when food is embedded in the cavity or teeth are stimulated by cold, heat or chemicals, pain can occur, and the symptoms disappear immediately after the stimulation is eliminated.
Pulp disease and periapical periodontitis
Pulp disease refers to the disease of pulp tissue, and periapical disease refers to the disease of tissue around the root tip of teeth.
Bacteria are the main pathogenic factors of pulp diseases and periapical diseases, and can also be caused by trauma, temperature, chemical stimulation or iatrogenic factors. Clinically, there are generally no conscious symptoms after the pulp disease of teeth becomes dead pulp teeth. The crown may have deep cavities or other dental hard tissue diseases, or fillings and deep periodontal pockets. Visible crown discoloration, dark yellow or gray, loss of luster.