(a) laver, English name: laver, seaweed
Rhodophyta: the general name of Porphyra. Porphyra contains up to 29 ~ 35% of protein, iodine, vitamins and inorganic salts. It tastes delicious and can be used to treat goiter and lower cholesterol. It is an important economic seaweed. Widely distributed all over the world, but mainly distributed in temperate zones. About 70 species have been found. The natural growth of laver is limited, and the output mainly comes from artificial breeding. Porphyra haitanensis, Porphyra yezoensis and Porphyra tender are the main cultured varieties.
As early as 1400 years ago, Yao Min's Book of the Northern Wei and Qi Dynasties in China mentioned that "all of them are in the seaside mountains of Wudu, and they know how to eat laver". According to Meng E's Herbal Medicine for Dietotherapy in the Tang Dynasty, laver was "born in the South China Sea, blue in color, with stones attached and dried purple". During the Northern Song Dynasty, laver has become a precious tribute. In the book Compendium of Materia Medica in Ming Dynasty, Li Shizhen not only described the morphology and collection method of laver, but also pointed out that laver was mainly used for "hot air disturbing the throat" and "scabies and lumps, so it is appropriate to eat laver often". Breeding has a long history. Japanese fishermen may have collected natural seedlings with bamboo branches and branches in the first half of the17th century, and then cultivated them with bamboo curtains and natural fiber cross-net curtains. For a long time, laver seedlings can only rely on natural growth, with limited sources and small-scale breeding activities. 1949, K.M. Drew of Britain discovered for the first time that the important fruiting spore growth period of laver was spent in shells, which opened the way for studying the source of natural seedlings. Then in 1953 and 1955, China Zeng Chengkui revealed the whole life history of laver, which laid a theoretical foundation for artificial breeding. Since then, laver culture has entered the period of full artificial production, and the output has been greatly improved.
Porphyra is a marine red algae. The thallus is composed of a layer of cells embedded in a thin layer of colloid, which is dark brown, red or purple. The sexual reproductive structure is at the edge of the thallus. It is distributed in the northern and southern hemispheres, grows at the high tide line of intertidal zone, and grows best in nitrogen-rich waters (such as near the outlet of sewage pipes). After harvesting and drying, it can be used as food, and its consumption exceeds that of other algae. Artificial farming is an important food in eastern countries. It can be used as the main ingredient of soup, other food and meat seasoning. In the British Isles, laver is baked on bread and tastes like oysters.
Japanese name is laver. Japan and South Korea are big consumers of seaweed, and sushi cooked in Japan is one of the common consumption patterns. Seaweed products are divided into three categories. 1. dried seaweed is available in all specifications except ABCD. Can be used for: 1, raw materials for processing roasted seaweed and seasoned seaweed. 2, make sushi rice directly, delicious. 3, soup (plus favorite seasoning is particularly good) shelf life of one year, plateau, field, military supplies, emergency vegetables, vegetarians quickly supplement nutrition, family soup, summer cold salad. 4, fried seaweed, unique taste. Second, seasoned seaweed, also known as delicious seaweed, mainly includes 12 cut, 10 cut, 8 cut and slice. Because of the rich nutrition and reasonable structure of seaweed, seaweed food has gone beyond the scope of snack food, which is a good product for children and adults to supplement nutrition, health and longevity, and is consumed by working-class people. Fragments are used to make soup, noodles, porridge and so on for babies. 3. Roasted seaweed 1. Rice flour food wrapped with rice fruit forms a new product, which increases nutrition and taste. 2. Sushi seaweed is generally used to wrap sushi rice. It is a way of consumption originated in Japan, and its taste is mouth-watering. 3. The shredded seaweed can be used to mix noodles or mixed with other foods. 4. Porphyra powder and granules are used for mixed rice flour food. The product is seaweed-flavored food, which has increased nutrition and taste. Some large, medium and small food enterprises at home and abroad have begun to adopt them, and their products are well received by consumers.
The thallus of Porphyra yezoensis and Porphyra rotundifolia. Also known as Zi Ying and Suocai. Liaoning, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong and other coastal areas of China are all distributed. Some people also carry out artificial cultivation. Take it in autumn and winter, and dry it for later use (not too much sun or exposure).
(2) Hairtail, also known as saury and hairtail, is a trichiuridae animal of Perciformes. As the name implies, hairtail is flat as a ribbon, silvery gray, with light gray dorsal fin and tiny spots on pectoral fin. Its tail is black, its mouth is very big, and it gradually tapers to the tail, like a thin whip. Its head is twice as long as its height, and its total length is about 1 meter. Hairtail is widely distributed in the western Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, and can be seen in all coastal provinces in China, with the highest yield in the East China Sea.
Hairtail is a migratory fish, which has the habit of moving vertically day and night. Habitat in the middle and lower water layers during the day and surface at night. Hairtail in coastal areas of China can be divided into two categories: south and north. The northern hairtail is bigger than the southern hairtail. It overwinters in the southern part of the Yellow Sea and swims to the Bohai Sea in spring, forming the spring fish season. In autumn, the southern hairtail moves north and south along the western edge of the East China Sea with different seasons, and the autumn fish season is formed in spring. The spawning period of hairtail is very long, mainly from April to June, followed by September to 165438+ 10. The spawning amount is between 25,000 and 35,000, and the most suitable water temperature for spawning is 17℃ ~ 23℃.
Hairtail is an economic fish with the highest yield in coastal areas of China. In the 1970s, the annual output was about 500,000 tons, but in the 1990s it rose to more than 165438+ 1 100 million tons. Later, the output continued to decline, but it was better than large and small yellow croaker, and it could also form a fish season. In recent years, after the publicity and education of banning fishing and protecting fishery resources, overfishing has been well controlled and the output of hairtail has remained at a relatively stable level.