A: The blood, semen (including a small amount of liquid discharged before ejaculation), vaginal fluid or milk of HIV-infected people enter healthy people, which can lead to HIV infection.
HIV can be transmitted through veins (such as injecting drug users), or through anus (or rectum), vagina, penis, mouth, other mucous membranes (such as eyes or nasal mucosa), or wounds and ulcers. Complete and healthy skin can effectively isolate HIV and other viruses and bacteria.
The common ways of HIV transmission are:
* Sexual intercourse with HIV-infected persons (including rectal, vaginal or oral sex)
* * * Taking drugs with needles or syringes with HIV-infected people.
* Transmission from HIV-infected mothers to their babies. Transmission may occur before or during delivery, or through breastfeeding.
HIV can also be transmitted through blood transfusion or transfusion of blood coagulation factors. However, since 1985, all blood supplies in the United States have to be tested for HIV. Therefore, the risk of HIV transmission through blood products is extremely low. The blood supply in America is the safest in the world.
Health workers are also infected with HIV through contaminated needles. In rare cases, some people will be infected by contaminated blood splashing into skin wounds or eyes and nasal mucosa. In one case, a health worker infected with HIV transmitted the virus to a patient, but there was only one case: a dentist transmitted the virus to six patients.
Question 2: Can kissing the cheek infect HIV?
A: Even if the other person carries the virus, kissing the cheek is very safe. Healthy skin has a good barrier function. No one is infected with HIV because of common social etiquette such as kissing on the cheek, hugging and shaking hands.
Question 3: Will kissing (mouth-to-mouth kissing) lead to HIV infection?
A: The risk of HIV infection by kissing is extremely low. However, kissing for a long time may cause damage to the mouth and lips, so that the virus in the infected person comes into contact with the kissing object and spreads through wounds or ulcers in the mouth. Because of this potential risk, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention opposes mouth-to-mouth kissing between healthy people and HIV-infected people.
There is such a case that a woman was infected with HIV when kissing a person infected with HIV. 1June, 997 1 1 Disease and Mortality Weekly reported this matter.
Question 4: Will oral sex infect HIV?
A: Yes. There have been precedents for the transmission of HIV through oral sex. However, this risk is lower than unprotected anal sex or vaginal sex, although we don't know how big the risk is.
Blood, semen, a small amount of fluid discharged before ejaculation and vaginal fluid may all contain HIV. Oral mucosal cells can mediate HIV to enter human lymph nodes or blood circulation. The risk of HIV infection will increase under the following circumstances:
* Injuries or ulcers around the mouth or in the mouth and throat.
* Oral ejaculation, and
* In addition to being infected with HIV, your sexual partner has another sexually transmitted disease.
If you want to have oral sex with a man, in order to avoid contracting HIV,
* Please use latex condoms.
* If your partner is allergic to latex, you can also use plastic (polyurethane) condoms.
Studies have proved that the use of latex condoms can effectively prevent HIV infection. Although it is not 100% insurance, it can greatly reduce the possibility of infection.
If you're going to give a woman a blowjob,
* Please separate your mouth from your partner's vagina with latex film (such as dental rubber barrier or cutting condoms into squares). Plastic food packaging bags are also acceptable. This can reduce the risk of the other party's vaginal fluid entering your mouth.
Question 5: Will oral sex infect me?
The answer is yes. If your sexual partner is HIV-positive, the blood in his/her mouth can enter your urethra (opening on the glans penis), vagina and anus, or directly enter your body through tiny wounds or open ulcers. But the risk is also lower than unprotected anal sex or vaginal sex.
If you are a man, you are going to have oral sex.
* Please wear latex condoms on your penis.
* If your partner is allergic to latex, you can also use plastic (polyurethane) condoms.
Studies have proved that latex condoms on penis can effectively prevent HIV infection. Although it is not 100% insurance, it can greatly reduce the possibility of infection.
If you are a woman, you are going to have oral sex.
* Please separate your vagina from your partner's mouth with latex film (such as dental rubber barrier or cutting condoms into squares). Plastic food packaging bags are also acceptable. This can reduce the risk of the other person's blood entering your vagina.
Question 6: Can vaginal intercourse infect HIV?
A: Yes, it is possible. In fact, this is the most common route of HIV transmission in the world. HIV-infected people's blood, semen, a small amount of fluid discharged before ejaculation, vaginal fluid may contain HIV. Sexual intercourse may lead to vaginal intima damage, through which HIV can enter the human body. Vaginal mucosa epithelium may also directly absorb HIV into human body.
Men are less likely to be infected with HIV through vaginal intercourse than women. However, HIV can enter men through urethral orifice (opening at the tip of penis) or through tiny wounds and open ulcers.
If you or your sexual partner suffers from other sexually transmitted diseases, the risk of HIV infection will be greater.
The use of latex condoms during vaginal intercourse helps to reduce the risk of both parties contracting AIDS or other sexually transmitted diseases. Studies have proved that the correct use of latex condoms can effectively prevent HIV infection, even if it is not 100% effective. If you are allergic to latex, you can use plastic (polyurethane) condoms.
Question 7: Will anal sex be infected with HIV?
A: For both sides of anal sex, the answer is yes. HIV-infected people's blood, semen, a small amount of fluid discharged before ejaculation, vaginal fluid may contain HIV. Generally speaking, the party receiving semen is at greater risk of HIV infection, because the rectal mucosa is relatively thin, and the virus may enter the human body during anal sex. On the other hand, it is also dangerous to insert the penis into an HIV-infected person. HIV can enter the human body through urethral orifice (opening on glans penis) or tiny wounds, abrasions and open ulcers on penis.
Unprotected anal sex (without condoms) is a very dangerous move. Therefore, condoms should be used during anal sex. In most cases, condoms are very useful. However, it should be noted that anal sex is easier to break condoms than vaginal sex. Therefore, even with condoms, anal sex is still dangerous. In order to reduce the risk of condom breakage, it is best to use water-soluble lubricant at the same time.
Question 8: Can latex condoms effectively prevent HIV infection?
A: It has been proved that latex condoms can effectively prevent the spread of HIV as long as they are used correctly. A follow-up study on sexual partners of HIV-infected people shows that even if they have repeated sexual contact with infected people, 98%- 100% will not be infected as long as they insist on using latex condoms correctly.
Question 9:9: Is HIV associated with other sexually transmitted diseases?
A: Yes. Suffering from sexually transmitted diseases will increase the risk of HIV infection, whether it is diseases that cause skin damage or ulcers (such as syphilis, herpes and chancre) or diseases that do not cause skin damage (such as chlamydia infection and gonorrhea).
If sexually transmitted diseases cause skin damage and ulcers, it will make it easier for HIV to enter the human body during sexual intercourse. Even if it does not cause skin damage, sexually transmitted diseases will stimulate the immune response in the reproductive area, thus making it easier for HIV to spread.
In addition, people who are infected with HIV also spread HIV through sexual contact, and people who are infected with another sexually transmitted disease are three to five times more infectious than those who are simply infected with HIV.
Abstinence is the best way to prevent sexually transmitted diseases, including AIDS. For people who are keen on sex, the following are the best ways to prevent AIDS infection:
* engage in sexual activities unrelated to vagina, anus and mouth (stoneboy note: such as masturbation)
* Only have sex with non-infected people and have a regular sexual partner * Use latex condoms whenever having sex.
Question 10: Why are intravenous drug users susceptible to HIV infection?
A: Blood will enter needles and syringes during intravenous injection. HIV-infected people have viruses in their blood. Drug users sharing needles or syringes is a high-risk behavior to spread HIV, because infected blood can directly enter the circulatory system.
In addition, it is also dangerous to enjoy poisonous devices. Infected blood can contaminate drugs in the following ways:
* Use syringes contaminated with blood to prepare drugs.
* Reuse water
* Reuse bottle caps, spoons or other containers to dissolve or heat drugs.
* To avoid blocking the needle, please reuse a small piece of cotton or cigarette filter to filter impurities.
The so-called "sterilized" syringes sold on the street may be second-hand goods. Therefore, long-term intravenous drug users should obtain syringes from reliable sources such as pharmacies. Please remember that sharing needles or syringes may lead to the spread of blood-borne diseases, such as HIV, for whatever reason.
Question 1 1: How to reduce the risk of HIV infection among intravenous drug users?
A: The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention advises intravenous drug users:
:: Stop using and injecting drugs
* Take medication and promise not to do it again.
For those who are unable or unwilling to give up intravenous drugs, the following steps can reduce the health risks of individuals and the public:
* Do not reuse or * * enjoy syringes, water or toxic equipment.
* Only use syringes from reliable sources (such as pharmacies).
* Syringes used to prepare drugs should be new and sterile.
* If possible, the water used to prepare drugs should be disinfected; At least use clean water from a reliable source (such as fresh tap water)
* Use new or sterilized containers and new filters to prepare drugs.
* Sterilize the skin with alcohol cotton balls before injection.
* Syringes should be properly discarded after use.
If you can't find new sterilized syringes and instruments for a while, you have to reuse the previously used instruments, and you must disinfect them with boiling water or bleach.
Intravenous drug users and their sexual partners should take preventive measures to prevent the spread of HIV through sexual contact, such as insisting on the correct use of condoms.
Long-term intravenous drug users should receive regular HIV testing.
Question 12: Will tattoos be infected with HIV?
A: The tattoo tool may be contaminated by blood. If they are reused among customers without proper disinfection, they may spread HIV. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that these devices be used once or after strict cleaning and disinfection.
Tattoo practitioners should learn the knowledge of HIV prevention and take practical measures to prevent HIV infection and other blood-borne diseases in the working environment. If you plan to receive tattoos, you should ask the staff what measures have been taken to prevent the spread of blood-borne diseases, such as HIV and HBV. Or call the local health department.
Question 13: Are health workers at high risk of HIV infection?
A: The risk of HIV infection among medical staff at work is extremely low. As long as we strictly follow the hospital's cross-infection control methods, we can effectively prevent the spread of blood-borne diseases such as HIV. It should be emphasized that any daily communication with HIV carriers will not endanger anyone, including health workers. The main risk faced by medical staff in their work is being stabbed by HIV-contaminated needles or sharp tools. Even so, the risk of infection is relatively small, estimated to be less than 1%.
Question 14: Is there a high risk of HIV infection in dental clinics or hospitals?
A: The spread of HIV may also occur in the medical environment, but this situation is rare. It should be emphasized that strict hospital infection control measures can prevent HIV infection in hospitals.
1990, the centers for disease control and prevention (CDC) reported that a dentist infected with HIV in Florida transmitted the virus to six patients through dental surgery, which was finally confirmed by viral DNA sequencing. Until now, CDC has not figured out how the virus spreads.
Later, several studies observed 63 medical staff with HIV and more than 22,000 patients they had served, and found no cases of cross-infection.
Question 15: Will you be infected with HIV in sports activities?
A: There are no reported cases of HIV infection due to participation in sports activities. There may be injuries and bleeding in sports activities, even so, the chance of infection is extremely low.
If someone is injured and bleeding, stop exercising temporarily, stop bleeding, disinfect and bandage the wound. If there is no bleeding during exercise, there will be no possibility of contracting HIV.
Question 16: Will you get infected with HIV through daily contact (such as shaking hands with HIV-infected people, hugging, using the toilet and drinking water from the same cup, or sneezing and coughing with HIV-infected people, etc.)? )?
A: No. HIV does not pass through daily life in active communication, such as work, school and social activities. HIV is not transmitted by shaking hands, hugging or kissing. Will not be infected by contact with toilet seats, automatic drinking fountains, door handles, daily utensils, cups, food or pets.
There is a case report that someone contracted HIV in a family environment because of contact with the blood and body fluids of HIV-infected people. This is possible, but rarely. Therefore, both HIV carriers and those who provide domestic service for HIV carriers should receive training and understand the necessary AIDS knowledge.
HIV will not spread through air and food, and will not live long without human body. HIV exists in the blood, semen and vaginal secretions of infected people, and there are three main ways of transmission:
* Sexual intercourse with HIV-infected persons (including anal sex, vaginal sex and oral sex)
Sharing needles and syringes with HIV-infected people
* The virus is transmitted from mother to baby through pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding.
Question 17: Can mosquitoes spread HIV?
A: No. People have been worried that HIV will spread through biting and blood-sucking insects, such as mosquitoes. However, studies by institutions such as the Center for Disease Control and Prevention show that there is no evidence that HIV can be transmitted by insects-even in places where AIDS cases are endless and mosquitoes multiply. Therefore, it can be concluded that HIV will not spread through insects.
Observations and experiments on the blood-sucking behavior of insects show that when insects bite human bodies, they will not inject their own blood or previously inhaled blood into human bodies. Instead, it injects its own saliva, which acts as a lubricant, making blood sucking more effective. HIV can only survive in insects for a short time. Unlike those pathogenic microorganisms that can spread through mosquito bites, HIV cannot replicate in insects (and therefore cannot survive in insects). Therefore, even if the virus enters mosquitoes and other insects, the insects will not be infected, and at the same time, the AIDS virus will not be transmitted to the people bitten by them.
Similarly, there is no need to worry that the blood left on the corners of the mouth after mosquito bites will spread HIV. There are several reasons for this: first, HIV carriers do not always contain high concentrations of HIV virus in their blood; Secondly, the surface of insect mouthparts can only retain a very small amount of blood; Finally, entomologists found that under normal circumstances, mosquitoes do not immediately look for a second prey after sucking blood. Instead, they need a rest to digest the newly inhaled blood.
References:
17 questions about the spread of AIDS-