(1) How to test carbon dioxide? (2) How to prove that the carbon dioxide content in inhaled air is lower than that in exhaled air?
(3) How to prove that the candle contains carbon and hydrogen?
Second, access to drugs.
(1) How to obtain high-density bulk solid drugs? How to obtain powdered solid drugs? Didn't say what the general dosage is.
(2) What problems should be paid attention to when pouring liquid into a test tube with a narrow bottle?
(3) How should the measuring cylinder read correctly? What if the relationship between the measured value and the true value of the top or bottom reading is adopted? How to accurately measure a certain volume of liquid? (4) How to weigh powdered drugs or deliquescent solids? How to weigh unknown or fixed mass solids with a balance? In what order should weight and travel code be used? If the position of medicine and weight is reversed and stray code is used, can we know the actual quality of medicine?
Third, the heating of matter.
(1) How to ignite or extinguish the alcohol lamp correctly? What if spilled alcohol burns on the table? Which part of its flame has the highest temperature? How can this be proved? (2) What problems should be paid attention to when heating the liquid or solid in the test tube? What's the difference between them?
(3) When the medicine is heated, the test tube is found to burst. What are the possible reasons?
Four. Disposal of drugs and instruments
(1) What is the sign that the glass instrument is clean? How to put it? (2) Can the drug be put back in the original bottle after the experiment?
Unit 2 The air around us
I. Main components and functions of air
What gases are mainly contained in the air? What is the purpose of each gas?
Second, explore the volume fraction of oxygen in the air through experiments.
(1) What substance is usually put in a burning spoon? What are the requirements for the quantity of materials? What's the purpose?
(2) Can charcoal and sulfur replace red phosphorus? Why? Can aluminum foil and iron wire be used instead of red phosphorus? Why? If charcoal is used for experiments, how to improve the experiments?
(3) What are the experimental phenomena? What is the conclusion? What is the experimental principle?
(4) If the measured oxygen volume fraction is obviously small, what is the possible reason?
Third, the source and harm of air pollutants
What are the main pollutants in the air? What is the reason? What harm will air pollution cause?
Four, can distinguish pure and mixed from the composition.
What's the difference between pure substance and mixture? Name several common mixtures.
Five, the basic characteristics of chemical change
What's the difference between physical change and chemical change? How to judge that "sulfur burning in oxygen" is a chemical change?
Six, combined reaction oxide
What is a combination reaction? What are the characteristics of the combination reaction? List several combination reactions. What is an oxide? Learn to identify oxides
Explore the combustion of sulfur and aluminum.
What is the difference between (1)S burning in air and oxygen? Explain what?
(2) When (2)Al was burning, when was the match inserted into the container? Why? Why put some spun yarn at the bottom of the gas container?
Eight, decomposition reaction
What is a decomposition reaction? What are the characteristics of decomposition reaction? List several decomposition reactions.
Understand the important role of catalysts. What role can catalysts play in chemical reactions? What experiments are needed to prove that MnO2 is a catalyst for a certain reaction?
Nine, explore the laboratory preparation of oxygen.
(1) There are three ways to produce oxygen. What is the raw material? What is the reaction principle? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the three methods?
(What instruments do KMnO4 oxygen plant need? How to check the air tightness of equipment?
(3) What is the function of cotton wool when making oxygen with KMnO4? Why is the mouth of the test tube slightly inclined downward? When did you start collecting? Why? Finally, how to operate? Why is this?
X. exploring the combustion of carbon and iron
(1) What are the phenomena in air and pure oxygen?
(2) Why should charcoal be inserted into the container slowly after it is ignited?
(3) Why do wires have to be wound in a spiral? If the phenomenon of "Mars everywhere" is not found, what is the reason? How should the differences be improved?
(4) What chemical properties of oxygen are obtained from the above experiments?
XI。 Symbolic expression of this unit reaction
(1) Symbolic expressions of the reactions of carbon, sulfur, phosphorus, aluminum and iron with oxygen respectively?
(2) What are the three symbolic expressions of oxygen production in the laboratory?
Unit 3 Water in Nature
I. Composition of water
According to what phenomenon, it can be inferred that water is a compound composed of hydrogen and oxygen.
Second, simple materials and compounds.
What do simple materials and compounds have in common? What is the difference? Understand the difference? Give a few examples each and write the chemical formula.
Three. Understand the particularity of matter
What kind of particles make up matter? What is the relationship between them?
Fourth, explore the nature of molecules.
What are the characteristics of molecules? Give several examples to prove that molecules are constantly moving. Give several examples to prove that there are gaps between molecules.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) water purification
(1) What's the difference between pure water and natural water? What is the difference between hard water and soft water?
(2) What are the operations of purifying water? What is the operation with the highest degree of purification?
(3) What is the principle of purifying water by alum and activated carbon?
(4) What kind of mixture can be separated by filtration? What is the meaning of "one stick, two lows and three inclinations" in filtration operation?
Intransitive verb water pollution
What is the main source of water pollution? How to prevent it?
Seven, save water
Know the signs of water saving and list the common water saving methods in life?
Unit 4 The Mystery of Material Composition
I. Composition of atoms
(1) Do you know that atoms are composed of nuclei and extranuclear electrons?
(2) What kinds of particles are atoms made of? How do they make up atoms? Why doesn't the whole atom show electricity? What are the characteristics of the spatial distribution and mass distribution of atoms?
Second, remember the names and symbols of some common elements
Third, know the simple classification of elements.
What are the three categories of elements? What is the basis of classification? What are the characteristics of the outermost electron number and chemical properties of different types of elements?
4. Find the specified elements according to the atomic numbers in the periodic table, such as: 8, 18, 28, 38, 48, etc.
Fifth, the concept of "elements remain unchanged in the chemical process" is formed.
Have the kinds and qualities of elements changed before and after the chemical reaction? What are the micro reasons?
6. Extranuclear electrons
A preliminary understanding of the role of extranuclear electrons in chemical reactions, why do you say that the number of outermost electrons determines the chemical properties of elements?
Seven, atoms and ions
Know that atoms and ions of the same element can be transformed into each other. For example, how do Na and Na+, S and S2- transform into each other? What changes have taken place in the number of protons, neutrons and outermost electrons during the transformation? Know that ions are particles that make up matter, and what particles are NaCl made of?
Name the valence of several common elements and atomic groups.
Potassium, sodium, calcium, zinc, magnesium, chlorine, aluminum, sulfuric acid, hydrogen, nitric acid, ammonium, carbonic acid, etc.
Nine, can use chemical formula to express the composition of common substances.
(1) Write the chemical formula according to the common name; (2) Write the chemical formula according to the purpose; (3) Write the chemical formula according to the valence.
X. The relative atomic mass and molecular mass can be used for simple calculation of material composition.
(1) Calculate the relative molecular mass; (2) calculating the mass ratio between elements; (3) calculating the mass fraction of elements;
(4) According to the calculation, it is determined whether the organic components contain oxygen except C and H elements;
When m organic matter is equal to MH +MC, it does not contain O element;
Greater than MH +MC contains O element; The difference lies in the quality of oxygen.
Eleven, can understand the composition and content of the material on the product label.
(1) Attention should be paid to the quality of substances or elements, such as adding calcium salt CaCO3-Ca and iodized salt KIO 3-I;
(2) Pay attention to whether the marked unit mass is consistent with the given mass or unit of volume.
Twelve, according to the nitrogen content in a nitrogen fertilizer packaging bag or product manual, the purity can be calculated.
(1) indicates the actual nitrogen content (impure)
Calculate the nitrogen content according to the chemical formula. Theoretical nitrogen content (pure) means purity = actual nitrogen content/theoretical nitrogen content × 100%.
(2) Judge the authenticity of the advertisement
If the marked nitrogen content is greater than the theoretical nitrogen content, it is a false advertisement.
XIII. Average problem
When two different substances are mixed together, the actual result must be somewhere in between.
Unit 5 Chemical Equation
First of all, understand the law of conservation of mass and the mass relationship in common reactions.
(1) Why does the quality of nails improve after rusting?
(2) After potassium permanganate is heated for a period of time, why does the remaining solid mass decrease?
Second, explain the law of conservation of mass from a microscopic point of view.
(1) Do you know the microscopic reasons for the conservation of mass?
(2) will infer the chemical formula of unknown substances (pay attention to whether there is a coefficient)
Third, explore the quality relationship in chemical reactions.
Under what circumstances, the experiment must be carried out in a closed system.
Fourth, be able to write simple chemical equations correctly.
(1) Look up the chemical formula-according to the valence;
(2) Check the balance-count the number of atoms, especially oxygen atoms;
(3) Check conditions and arrows-information given according to knowledge or topics.
5. Be able to make simple calculations according to chemical equations.
(1) The balance of chemical equations must be checked;
(2) The proportional formula must be listed;
(3) The answer must be complete;
(4) units, x-no units, numbers-must be brought.
Unit 6 Carbon and Carbon Oxide
I. Understanding the diversity of matter
(1) simple carbon: diamond, graphite, C60, carbon nanotubes; Understand that the same element can form different simple substances;
(2) Amorphous carbon: the characteristics and uses of charcoal, activated carbon, coke and carbon black;
(3) What are the remarkable features of diamond and graphite? What is the main reason? What's the use of each other?
Second, the preliminary study of CO2 production in the laboratory.
(1) What medicine do you use? Can CaCO3 or Na2CO3 powder be used as solid? Can dilute hydrochloric acid or dilute sulfuric acid be used as liquid? What is the principle? With what equipment?
(2) What is the basis for selecting the generating device and the collecting device? What are the common power generation devices? What are the common collection devices?
(3) How to test, fill and purify gas (combustible gas)?
Third, how to understand the oxygen and carbon cycle in nature?
Fourth, the greenhouse effect
Understand the causes and prevention of greenhouse effect; Pay attention to the difference between air pollution and acid rain pollution.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) explores the main characteristics and uses of carbon dioxide.
What are the physical properties of (1)CO2? How to explain it through experiments? This property determines its usefulness.
(2) Explore the reaction between CO2 and water, find out water, ash and water, and learn to design experiments to prove that CO2 can neither burn nor support combustion? This property determines its usefulness.
Six, understand the main properties and uses of carbon monoxide.
What are the physical properties of 1)? (2) What are these three chemical properties? (3) How to test CO?
Seven, should grasp the relationship between the chemical equations of this unit.
Unit 7 Fuel and Its Utilization
A, understand the conditions of combustion, slow oxidation, explosion and fire prevention, fire extinguishing and explosion-proof measures.
(1) combustion conditions and combustible combustion conditions; (2) slow oxidation conditions (3) explosion conditions;
(4) Principles and methods of fire prevention and extinguishing; (5) Explosion-proof measures (list examples)
Second, explore the combustion conditions through experiments.
(1) contacts with oxygen, and the temperature cannot reach the ignition point; (2) The temperature reaches the ignition point and does not contact with oxygen; (3) Both parties are satisfied.
Third, the necessary conditions for the control variable method to prove, such as three conditions: A, B, C;
If you have B and C, but you don't have A, it doesn't hold water, which means A is necessary. If you have A and C, but you don't have B, it doesn't hold water, which means B is necessary.
If you have B and A, but you don't have C, it doesn't hold, which means C is necessary.
The coexistence of A, B and C is true, which means that the conclusion can be established when ABC exists at the same time; Example: rust, copper rust;
Four. Fuel-related problems
Several products and main uses of petroleum (gasoline, diesel oil, liquefied petroleum gas, etc.). ); Know that oil is a mixture of organic substances with different boiling points; Understand the national conditions of energy and resource shortage in China; Know that fossil fuels are important natural resources for human beings; Form? Use? What are the main ingredients? What substance is it? Understand the environmental impact of using H2, CH4, C2H5OH, LPG, gasoline, coal and other fuels? Know how to choose fuels with less environmental pollution; Understand the significance of new energy development.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) understands the importance of complete combustion of fuel: significance? What are the consequences of incomplete combustion? Measures?
Six, this unit related reaction chemical equations to memorize.
Unit 8 Metals and Metal Materials
A, understand the physical properties of metals, can distinguish between common metals and nonmetals (explore the physical properties of metals through experiments. What are the different physical properties between metals and general nonmetals? Give examples to show that metals have electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, ductility, high hardness and high melting point? List the most common metals.
Second, understand the important role of metal materials in production, life and social development.
From the point of view that properties determine uses, list the uses of metals. Understand the characteristics and uses of common metals; Such as copper, iron and aluminum.
Thirdly, it is recognized that adding other elements can improve the properties of metals.
Examples show that adding other elements to metals can change the properties of metals.
Four, understand the important alloys such as pig iron and steel.
What is the main difference between pig iron and steel? What chemical knowledge does "100% tempering into steel" contain? List common pig iron and steel products.
5. Know that common metals react with oxygen.
From the point of view of "the difficulty of the reaction between metal and oxygen is different", the different activities of metals are illustrated with examples.
Six, can use the metal activity sequence table to make a simple judgment on the displacement reaction, and can explain some phenomena in daily life.
(1) Call metal activity sequence table
(2) Can aluminum pot be used to store vinegar for a long time? Why?
(3) Some iron salts are dissolved in natural water. Why does the newly bought aluminum pot leave black marks on the water surface after boiling water?
(4) Copper sulfate solution and hydrated lime are commonly used in agriculture to prepare pesticide Bordeaux solution. Why is Akebia manshuriensis widely used instead of iron and copper? How to detect whether the prepared Bordeaux mixture contains copper sulfate?
Seven, explore the substitution reaction law of acid solution and salt solution with metal.
(1) substitution reaction of metal with acid solution: requirements for metal? Requirements for acidic solutions?
(2) Displacement reaction between metal and salt solution: What are the requirements for metal? Requirements for salt? Replacement and replacement sequence:
Zn-Fe reacts with CuSO _ 4, which is first strong and then weak during replacement, so Zn reacts with CuSO _ 4 first.
Fe reacts with the mixed solution of Cu(NO3)2 and AgNO3, which is weak first and then strong, so Fe reacts with AgNO3 solution first.
Eight, know some common metal minerals.
What are the common iron ore and aluminum ore? Write the chemical formulas of their main components.
Understand the conditions of metal corrosion and discuss the methods to prevent corrosion.
(1) Rust is related to oxygen and water. How to design the experiment?
Only contact with water, no contact with oxygen, no rust, indicating that rust is related to oxygen, which is essential;
Only contact with oxygen, not contact with water, no rust, indicating that rust is related to water; Water is essential.
Contact with water and oxygen at the same time will rust, indicating that the conditions for rust are that oxygen and water are essential.
(2) The principle of preventing corrosion? Method? List a few specific practices.
X. Understand the method of reducing iron by iron ore (reducing iron by experimental method).
(1) ironmaking principle; (2) Equation? (3) Experiment: steps, phenomena and tail gas treatment;
Eleven, know the environmental pollution of scrap metal, know the importance of recycling metal.
(1) What is the impact of waste batteries on the environment?
(2) What is the practical significance of recycling scrap metal?
Unit 9 Solutions
First, understand the dissolution phenomenon, the composition and characteristics of the solution;
Second, know water, alcohol, gasoline, etc. It's a common solvent (how to wash off oil stains on clothes in a simple way)
Three, can say some common emulsifying phenomenon.
(1) Description of emulsifying phenomenon; (2) What is the difference between degreasing with detergent and degreasing with gasoline?
Fourth, understand the significance of solutions in production and life.
(1) chemical production and chemical experiment; (2) soilless culture nutrient solution; (3) Various medical injections
5. Know that some substances exist in the form of ions in aqueous solution.
In what forms do solutes exist in sucrose solution and brine respectively?
6. Explore the temperature change when NaCl NH4NO3 NaOH is dissolved.
Why does the temperature change differently when a substance is dissolved in water? What are the temperature changes? Give a typical example each?
Seven, understanding saturated solution
(1) What's the difference between saturated solution and unsaturated solution? How to judge whether the solution is saturated?
(2) What measures can be taken to change a bottle of nearly saturated NaCl /KNO3 /Ca(OH)2 solution into a saturated solution?
Eight, understand the meaning of solubility? View solubility or solubility data and draw solubility curve?
(1) What is solubility? What does it mean that the solubility of KNO3 is 3 1.6g at a moderate dose of 20?
(2) What do the abscissa and ordinate on the solubility curve mean? A and b intersect at one point. What do you mean by intersection?
(3) What are the three conditions that affect the solubility of solids? Give an example of each?
Nine, know the gas solubility and its influencing factors
What are the factors that affect the solubility of (1) gas? Like what?
(2) What does it mean that the solubility of O2 is 0.03 1 when the absorption is moderate at 20?
Ten, understand the crystallization phenomenon, the formation of gallstone crystals, and make salt with seawater?
(1) What are the common crystallization methods? What type of solutions are they suitable for?
(2) How to separate pure KNO _ 3 crystal from the mixture of KNO _ 3 and a little NaCl?
(3) What kind of mixture is suitable for separating solid mixture by filtration and crystallization?
Eleven, preliminary learn to prepare a certain mass fraction of the solution.
(1) What instruments do you need? Main steps?
(2) What is the difference between solid as solute and liquid as solute (or diluted with concentrated solution)?
Twelve, can carry out simple calculation of solute mass fraction.
(1) solute mass fraction = solute mass/solvent mass *100%;
(2) Dilution: the mass of solute remains unchanged.
M strong *C strong% = M weak *C weak% or M strong *C strong% = (M strong +M water) *C weak%.
(3) Comprehensive calculation with equation
Mass of solution after reaction = mass of solution before reaction (excluding insoluble impurities)+-mass of generated gas-mass of generated precipitate.
Unit 10 acid and base
1. Will the acid-base indicator be used to test the acidity and alkalinity of the solution (or to test the changes of some plant flower juice in acid-base solution)?
(1) What are the two commonly used acid-base indicators? What color will they appear when they meet acidic or alkaline solutions?
(2) What kind of flower juice is suitable as an acid-base indicator?
Second, understand the corrosiveness of acids and bases
(1) Both acids and bases are corrosive to varying degrees;
(2) What should I do if concentrated H2SO4 and NaOH accidentally get on my skin or clothes?
Third, initially learn to dilute common acid or alkali solutions: how to dilute concentrated sulfuric acid?
Fourthly, the important properties and uses of acid are explored through experiments.
(1) The main properties and uses of hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid: Exploring the volatility of concentrated hydrochloric acid? Why should dilute sulfuric acid be used to adjust acidity instead of hydrochloric acid when making wine? Why not use concentrated hydrochloric acid to make carbon dioxide in the laboratory?
(2) What are the uses of hydrochloric acid?
(3) Learn to explore the water absorption of concentrated sulfuric acid? What are the uses of concentrated sulfuric acid? Can O2, H2, CO2, CO, NH3 and CH4 all use concentrated sulfuric acid as desiccant?
(4) What are the chemical properties of dilute hydrochloric acid and dilute sulfuric acid? And an acid-base indicator; Using active metal; Using metal oxide; Use alkali; Use certain salts; Why do they have similar chemical properties?
5. Explore the main properties and uses of alkali through experiments.
(1) An experiment to explore the water absorption of NaOH solid? What is the use of NaOH solid? Can O2, H2, CO2, CO, NH3 and CH4 all use NaOH as desiccant?
(2) The common names of 2)NaOH and Ca(OH)2, and the usage of Ca(OH)2? What should I pay attention to when using NaOH?
Learn to explore the chemical properties of NaOH and Ca(OH)2 through experiments?
(1) and indicator; (2) using acid; What is neutralization reaction? (3) containing some nonmetallic oxides; (4) use some salt; Why do they have similar chemical properties?
7. Understand the influence of pH on life activities and crop growth.
(1) What is the significance of understanding the acidity and alkalinity of the solution in actual production and life?
(2) What are the applications of neutralization reaction in actual production and life? Such as: hyperacidity, how to treat it? How to deal with sulfuric acid in waste liquid? How to deal with mosquito bites?
Eight, will use PH test paper to test the pH of the solution.
(1) How to detect the acidity and alkalinity of solution or soil with PH test paper?
Nine, master the chemical equation of this unit.
Unit 11 Salt Chemical Fertilizer
1. Understand the names, common names and uses of NaCl, NaCO3, NaHCO3 and CaCO3 in daily life.
Second, learn to purify raw salt. What instruments are needed for evaporation operation in the process of crude salt purification? Steps? What kind of instrument is used? When does evaporation stop heating? Why?
Third, how to detect CO32-? What are the common sediments?
Fourthly, a preliminary understanding of common metathesis reactions can be used to explain some phenomena related to daily life.
Under what conditions can the (1) metathesis reaction occur?
(2) Learn to judge whether certain substances can undergo a double decomposition reaction?
5. Know the names and functions of some common fertilizers.
(1) What elements are in great demand for plant growth?
(2) What is the function of nitrogen fertilizer/phosphorus fertilizer/potassium fertilizer? What is compound fertilizer? What are some examples?
(3) How to distinguish nitrogen fertilizer/phosphorus fertilizer/potassium fertilizer?
Six, understand the significance of rational use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides to protect the environment; What kind of environmental problems will unreasonable use bring? What measures should be taken?
Unit 12 Chemistry and Life
1. Understand the organic matters important to life activities, such as sugar, starch, oil, amino acids, protein, vitamins, etc.
(1) What are the physiological functions of sugar, oil, protein and vitamins? Which foods are rich in sugar, fat, protein or cellulose?
(2) What are the functions of amino acids in the body? (3) The metabolic process of starch.
Second, knowing that certain substances (CO, formaldehyde, aflatoxin) are harmful to human health, knowing and mastering chemical knowledge can help people resist the invasion of harmful substances.
(1) How did CO poison people? (2) What is the cause of formaldehyde poisoning?
(3) What are the causes of aflatoxin poisoning?
Third, understand the effects of some elements such as calcium, iron, zinc, iodine and fluorine on human health.
What effect does the lack of calcium, iron and zinc have on human body?
Fourth, we have a preliminary understanding of the great contribution of the development of chemical science in helping people overcome diseases and nutrition and health care.
Five, can distinguish organic and inorganic substances from the composition. List some common organic matters in life and understand the importance of organic matters to human life.
Six, understand the common synthetic fibers, plastics, synthetic rubber and their applications; Understand the impact of synthetic materials on people and the environment; Understand the close relationship between the development of new materials and social development.
7. Is it unexpected to distinguish cotton thread size, wool fiber and synthetic fiber fabric with simple experiments?
Eight, using simple experiments to distinguish between thermosetting and thermoplastic plastics? Distinguish polyethylene plastics from polyvinyl chloride plastics through simple experiments?