Question 1: Development of genetic engineering Since the mid-1980s, China's biotechnology has developed vigorously and achieved gratifying results. Because the national high-tech research plan ("863" plan), key research plans and the National Natural Science Foundation have given priority support to biotechnology, the overall research level of biotechnology in China has been rapidly improved, and a number of high-level research results have been obtained, providing technical sources for the establishment and development of emerging biotechnology industries in China. China's genetic engineering pharmaceutical industry has entered a period of rapid development. Industrial Status 1989, China approved the first domestic genetic engineering drug-recombinant human interferon αlb, which marked the zero breakthrough of domestic genetic engineering drugs. Recombinant human interferon αlb is the first genetically engineered drug cloned and expressed by China gene in the world, and the only genetically engineered drug independently developed by China with independent intellectual property rights. Since then, China's genetic engineering pharmaceutical industry has grown from scratch. From 65438 to 0998, the sales of China's genetic engineering pharmaceutical industry reached 720 million yuan. By the end of 1998, there were 15 kinds of genetically engineered drugs and vaccine products approved for marketing in China. More than 30 biopharmaceutical enterprises in China have obtained the approval number of trial production or formal production of genetically engineered drugs or vaccines. According to the communication survey results of 452 individual biotechnology research, development and production units in China during 1997, by the end of 1996, eight genetically engineered drugs and vaccines had been commercialized (including trial production) in China, and the sales of genetically engineered drugs and vaccines during 1996 was about 220 million yuan, accounting for only the annual sales of pharmaceutical biotechnology products in the same period. Fortunately, however, the genetic engineering pharmaceutical industry in China has developed rapidly, with annual sales increasing from 220 million yuan in196 to 720 million yuan in198, with an average annual increase of 80%. It is estimated that the sales of genetically engineered drugs in China will reach 2.28 billion yuan in 2000. Genetic engineering has a broad development prospect in the pharmaceutical industry. China's gene pharmaceutical industry has begun to take shape, but there is a gap with developed countries in the world, which is mainly manifested in fewer products with independent intellectual property rights, small industrial scale and low economic benefits. Gene pharmaceutical industry is facing a historic opportunity, which is mainly manifested in the support of * * *, rich resources, open genetic information and increased international exchanges. It is an urgent problem to improve the ability of independent development and protect gene resources. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen the research and preparation of technical barriers in the field of genetic medicine. Comparing domestic and international, China's biotechnology industry, especially biopharmaceutical industry, is far behind the United States. From 65438 to 0996, the sales of biotechnology in China was11400 million yuan, while that in the United States was 10 billion dollars, a difference of 7 times. From 65438 to 0996, the sales of genetic engineering and vaccines in China was 230 million yuan, while that in the United States was 7.5 billion dollars. 1998, the sales of genetically engineered drugs and vaccines in China was 720 million yuan, less than 1 100 million dollars, while in 1996, the sales of two main products of Amgen, namely, Neupgen(G-CSF) and Epogen (erythropoietin), both reached 1 100 million dollars. According to the listed varieties, 1998, 15 genetically engineered drugs and vaccines were approved to be listed in China, and 53 biological drugs (mainly genetically engineered drugs) were listed in the United States. The time to market of engineering drugs in China is 5-10 years later than that in the United States. The main problem is 1. There are too many manufacturers of similar products, which leads to vicious competition in the market and seriously affects the healthy development of the industry: most of the genetically engineered drugs and vaccines approved for listing in China are produced by many companies. For example, there are 5 manufacturers of interferon α2a, 5 manufacturers of interferon α2b, 0/0 manufacturers of interleukin -2, 7 manufacturers of G-CSF and 6 manufacturers of GM-CSF. The clinical dosage of genetically engineered drugs is generally very small (microgram level), and usually 2-3 manufacturers can meet the demand of the national market at full capacity. Therefore, too many manufacturers produce the same genetic engineering drug, which will inevitably lead to excessive competition in the market and reduce the profits of various manufacturers. At the same time, it will also lead to insufficient production capacity and increased costs, which will make enterprises unable to obtain reasonable profits and enter the track of benign development, and even force some enterprises to suffer serious losses and go bankrupt. This phenomenon of repeated production is related to the guiding ideology of new drug research and development in China. In the past, the research and development of new drugs in China was mainly based on introduction and development, while most of the new drugs developed and marketed in China and under research were copied from foreign countries, and there were few innovative drugs. ......& gt& gt
Question 2: What impact does the development of genetic engineering have on human beings? Mankind has made great progress in the field of genes, and has made rapid progress in changing nature through genetic engineering to serve human needs. However, for a long time, human beings have not paid enough attention to the philosophical and ethical aspects of genetic engineering. From cloning technology to the great discovery of human genome, this problem has become increasingly prominent, but compared with this process, the corresponding social ethics system of human beings has not been established. As far as its content is concerned, genetic ethics can be divided into two aspects, one is ecological ethics, the other is social ethics. As far as the ecological ethics of genes is concerned, it is mainly to standardize and coordinate the contradiction between genetic engineering and ecological environment; As far as the social ethics of genes is concerned, it is mainly to standardize and coordinate the contradiction between genetic engineering and social ethics. The establishment and development of genetic ethics will not only hinder the development of natural science, but also further improve our understanding of the nature of science and help us to have a new understanding of truth, law and causality. Human beings have made great progress in the field of genes, and made rapid progress in changing nature through genetic engineering to serve human needs. However, for a long time, human beings have not paid enough attention to the philosophical and ethical aspects of genetic engineering. There are two problems. On the one hand, under the philosophy of transforming and conquering nature, genetic engineering has caused many ecological problems, especially biodiversity, which is the basis of natural sustainable development. On the other hand, genetic engineering has caused many social and ethical problems. From cloning technology to the great discovery of human genome, this problem has become increasingly prominent, but compared with this process, the corresponding social ethics system of human beings has not been established. As far as its content is concerned, genetic ethics can be divided into two aspects, one is ecological ethics, the other is social ethics. As far as the ecological ethics of genes is concerned, it is mainly to standardize and coordinate the contradiction between genetic engineering and ecological environment; As far as the social ethics of genes is concerned, it is mainly to standardize and coordinate the contradiction between genetic engineering and social ethics. The normative and reasonable restriction of ecological ethics on plant gene research is mainly due to the consideration of biodiversity. In recent years, great progress has been made in plant gene research, which has promoted a series of agricultural revolutions, especially the grain revolution. However, this revolution based on plant genetic optimization has led to the destruction of species diversity. For example, it makes people eat more than 5000 kinds of grain to 150 kinds. Similarly, chemical fertilizer has played an important role in increasing production and shortening growth period, but it has also caused soil hardening and surface damage. The same situation also occurs in the research and application of animal genes. For example, test-tube cows and test-tube sheep provide a basis for people to control biological sex, and this technology makes it possible for people to control biological populations. For a certain group of people, the number of men is small, but the number of women is very important. According to the laws of nature, the birth probability of men and women is roughly the same. Therefore, how to maximize the number of women and reduce the number of men at birth is very critical. But in this way, it will inevitably lead to the imbalance of the proportion of male and female species, thus causing the imbalance of natural ecology. When this technology is applied to humans, the problem is even bigger. Some time ago, the discussion on cloning technology showed that once gene cloning technology is used in human beings, it may bring or even cause troubles beyond our imagination. So, does gene ethics contradict gene technology and genetic engineering? Obviously not, because genetic ethics and genetic technology are completely consistent in serving mankind. Both of them require us to make full use of gene technology to benefit mankind and try our best to avoid all phenomena harmful to society. Only in different countries and regions, the degree and proportion of the two are different. For a developing country like China, the key point is not how to overcome the negative effects of genetic engineering, but how to make the best use of genetic engineering and genetic technology to develop the economy. For example, we all know that biodiversity is the basis of the sustainable development of nature, that is to say, biological evolution is not based on "survival of the fittest", but the cooperation of advantages and disadvantages, which is a diversified process, and optimization is bound to be monotonous. However, at present, genetic engineering is mainly about selecting the best among the best, which obviously runs counter to the direction of biodiversity and has indeed led to such problems in practice. However, for developing countries, this has solved many very difficult practical problems. Therefore, the establishment and development of genetic ethics will not only hinder the development of natural science. & gt