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Noun interpretation psychology
Psychology is a science that studies human psychological phenomena and their psychological functions and behavioral activities under their influence, taking into account outstanding theories and applications.
Psychology includes basic psychology and applied psychology, and its research involves many fields such as perception, cognition, emotion, thinking, personality, behavior habits, interpersonal relationship, social relationship, etc., as well as many fields of daily life-family, education, health, society, etc. On the one hand, psychology tries to explain the basic behavior and psychological function of individuals with brain operation, and at the same time, psychology also tries to explain the role of individual psychological function in social behavior and social motivation; In addition, it is also related to neuroscience, medicine, philosophy, biology, religion and other disciplines, because the physiological or psychological effects discussed by these disciplines will affect the individual's mind. In fact, many humanities and natural disciplines are related to psychology, and human psychological activities are inseparable from human living environment.
Psychologists engage in basic research to describe, explain, predict and influence behavior. Applied psychologists also have a fifth purpose-to improve the quality of human life. These goals form the basis of psychology.
Psychology, as a science, began in 1879. At that time, influenced by natural science, German scholar Feng Te established a psychology laboratory, which broke away from speculative philosophy and became an independent discipline.
From 65438 to 0879, influenced by natural science, German scholar Feng Te established the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig University, which marked the birth of scientific psychology.
The word psychology comes from Greek, which means the science of the soul. Soul also means qi or breathing in Greek, because ancient people thought that life depended on breathing, and when breathing stopped, life ended. With the development of science, the research object of psychology has changed from soul to mind.
The history of psychology is very short. /kloc-After the mid-9th century, the rapid development of natural science created conditions for psychology to become an independent science, especially the development of sensory neurophysiology in Germany, which played a more direct role in promoting psychology to become an independent science. It was not until the appearance of 1874 Principles of Physiological Psychology that psychology was separated from philosophy and became an independent science, which began its vigorous development.
Psychology is a comprehensive interdisciplinary or marginal discipline formed by the intersection of thinking science, natural science and social science. From the position of psychology in the whole scientific system and its relationship with them, it is closely related to philosophy, natural science and social science.
Psychologists use scientific methods to draw conclusions about individual behavior and psychological process. Psychologists have several goals: objectively describe behavior at an appropriate level, explain the reasons for behavior, predict when behavior will happen, and control behavior to improve the quality of life.
From the theme of psychological phenomenon, man is the unity of natural attributes and social attributes; Judging from the organs produced by psychological phenomena, the inherent natural attributes of the human brain have changed and developed under the influence of people's social lifestyle, and their skills are the same as those of nature and society; From the content of psychological phenomena, the objective reality reflected by people is the unity of social existence and natural reality; From the form of psychological phenomenon, human psychology is the product of society and nature, and the scientific proposition that "psychology is the reflection of the brain to objective reality" itself contains the unity of nature and society.
Pseudopsychology refers to those systems that look like psychology but have no factual basis. Believers in pseudo-psychology dare not face up to the factual evidence that is inconsistent with their beliefs. The real scientist always actively looks for the defects in his theory, evaluates his theory with suspicion and criticism, and constantly expands the field of human knowledge. Unlike real psychologists, pseudopsychologists never conduct scientific experiments. Palmistry, phrenology and graphology are all pseudo-psychology.
Research fields of psychology:
Developmental psychology: the study of the whole growth and development process of human beings from fetal birth to old age and death.
Learning psychology: exploring how people developed into today's state. Study the process and reasons of human and animal learning.
Personality psychology: Focus includes personality characteristics, motivation and individual differences.
Sensory and perceptual psychology: the study of how humans perceive the world around them, such as how humans recognize faces.
Comparative psychology: the study and comparison of animal behaviors of different species.
Physiological psychology: the study of the relationship between behavior and physiological processes, especially the activities of the nervous system.
Cognitive psychology: mainly studies thinking problems, trying to understand the relationship between psychological processes such as reasoning, problem solving and memory and human behavior.
Gender psychology: study the differences between men and women, and explore the influence of physiological factors, child rearing process, education, social impression and other factors on gender differences.
Social psychology: research involves attitude, persuasion, riots, obedience, leadership behavior, racial discrimination, friendship, marriage and love.
Cultural psychology: the study of the role of culture in human behavior.
Evolutionary psychology: studying the influence of various evolutionary ways on human behavior in the long history. For example, men and women choose their spouses.
Clinical psychology: mainly studies mental health and mental illness.
Preschool child psychology: Preschool child psychology is a science that studies the psychological development law of children from birth to school.
Behavioral psychology: the study of the combination of various physical reactions used by organisms to adapt to environmental changes.
Criminal psychology: the study of prisoners' will, thoughts, intentions and reactions.
The research object of psychology is:
(1) psychological process? Refers to the dynamic process of human psychological phenomenon. Including cognitive process, emotional process and will process, reflecting the same-sex side of normal individual psychological phenomena.
Cognitive process is cognitive process, which is a psychological process in which individuals receive, encode, store, extract and use cognitive information in practical activities. It mainly includes perception, thinking and memory.
Emotional process is the experience of individual's attitude towards things in practical activities.
The process of will is a psychological process in which individuals consciously determine their own goals, adjust their actions according to the goals, and overcome difficulties to achieve the predetermined goals.
The above three processes are not isolated from each other, but three different aspects that are interrelated and interact with each other, forming an organic and unified psychological process of individuals.
(2) Personality psychology is the sum total of relatively stable psychological phenomena formed by a person in social life practice. Including personality tendency, personality characteristics and personality adjustment. , reflecting the individual side of human psychological phenomenon.
Personality tendency is a dynamic system to promote people's activities. It reflects people's tendency and pursuit of the world around them. It mainly includes needs, motives, interests, ideals, beliefs, values and world outlook. Personality characteristics are essential and stable psychological characteristics that individuals often show. It mainly includes temperament, character and ability.
The task (meaning) of psychology is:
1.？ Describe psychological facts
In order to establish and develop a complete and scientific concept system of psychological phenomena, various psychological phenomena are scientifically defined from the perspective of scientific psychology. This involves the determination of the whole psychological phenomenon and the conceptual connotation and extension of a specific psychological phenomenon.
2.？ Reveal psychological laws
Scientific psychology should not be limited to describing psychological facts, but should transition from the description of phenomena to the explanation of phenomena, that is, to reveal the laws that some phenomena follow.
On the one hand, it studies the occurrence, development, interrelation, characteristics and functions of various psychological phenomena. On the other hand, it is to study the mechanism of the occurrence and performance of psychological phenomena. Including psychological mechanism and physiological mechanism. The former studies the changes in the relationship between psychological structural components involved in psychological phenomena; The latter studies the relationship and changes of physiological or biochemical components involved behind psychological phenomena.
3.？ Guide practical application
Instruct people how to know, predict, control and adjust people's psychology in practice. For example, according to the performance of various psychological phenomena such as intelligence, personality, temperament, interest and attitude, various test scales can be formulated to understand the level and characteristics of people's psychological development, and provide a basis for teaching students in accordance with their aptitude and matching people with posts.