He lost his father when he was a child, and made a living in the society when he was 1 1. He worked as a loader, a bakery worker, a slum and a dock.
Classroom in "social" universities. He shared the fate with the working people and personally experienced the cruel exploitation and oppression of capitalism.
Forced. This had an important influence on his thought and creative development.
Gorky assiduously taught himself cultural knowledge, actively participated in revolutionary activities and explored ways to transform reality. 1892 Publishing Office
Markard Cudla, a female work, appeared in the literary world. His early works mixed realism and romanticism.
This is a necessary stage before the formation of his proletarian world outlook. Romantic works such as Markard Cudla and Iraqi.
"Old Lady Jill" (1895) and "Song of the Eagle" (1895) praised the love of freedom, the yearning for light and heroic achievements.
Strong personality, showing the passion of fighting; Realistic works such as Circa Shi, The Fallen Man and
Konarov, etc. , describes the people's suffering life and noble character, expressed their anger and struggle. this
Most of the protagonists in these works are people who try to explore a new way of life, think about the meaning of life and are full of fierce inner conflicts.
190 1 year, he wrote the famous prose poem "Song of Haiyan", which shaped the courage of revolutionaries who symbolized great wisdom and dared to fight the storm.
The brave Haiyan image indicates the coming revolutionary storm and inspires people to meet the great battle. This is a proletarian revolution.
Life-threatening battles and carols were warmly praised by Lenin.
1905 On the eve of the revolution, Gorky's creation turned to drama. From 190 1 to 1905, he wrote Ordinary People.
Screenplays such as Bottom, Summer Traveler, Son of the Sun and (Barbarian). Especially the "ordinary citizens" and "the bottom"
The first floor shows the new image and mental outlook of workers in real life, and shows their determination to fight for rights.
And their performances caused a sensation in the Russian theater at that time.
Gorky wrote the novel Mother and the play Enemy in 1906, which marked his creation.
The work has reached a new peak. Mother created the first batch of proletarians who consciously fought for socialism in the history of world literature.
The heroic image of revolutionaries is the foundation stone of socialist realistic literature. Lenin affirmed its practical significance.
1905 after the failure of the revolution, Gorky went to the United States and Italy to write a series of political articles, attacking the western capitalist system.
Degree and all kinds of reactionary ideological trends that flood the ideological and literary circles. The novella Confessions, written on 1908, reveals idealism.
Creationism was severely criticized by Lenin and received his enthusiastic help. Nevertheless, Gorky's dominance
The tendency is still positive and full of revolutionary fighting spirit. Theoretically speaking, the characteristics of the new proletarian literary creation method
He made many explorations and put forward the viewpoint of combining realism with romanticism. His creative achievements between the two revolutions were quite fruitful.
Such as The Town of Ogulov (1909), Summer (1909) and The Life of Matvei Kremyakin (19 10 ~
19 1 1), Italian fairy tales (191~ 19 13), Russian fairy tales (13)
The first two autobiographical novels trilogy, childhood and human beings (1913 ~1916).
Ten years after the October Revolution, Gorky wrote only Lenin and some writers because of his poor health.
Trilogy of memoirs and autobiographies of case and important documents, my university (1922 ~ 1923) and ah.
The Origin of the Etamonov Family (1924 ~ 1925) and other works. 192 1 year, he followed Lenin's suggestion and went abroad to recuperate.
193 1 After returning to China in, he began to write the epic masterpiece Krim Sam.
Life of the King, which is an unfinished work. 1936 wrote travel notes of the Soviet union (1929) and English before his death.
The Story of the Bear and Several Plays Egor Blichoff et al. (1932), Toschi Geff et al. (1933),
Vasa Rileznova (1935), as well as a large number of literary theories, literary criticisms and political articles, are of great significance to Marx.
The theory of literature and art and the cause of socialist culture have made great contributions.
Gorky is not only a great writer but also an outstanding social activist. He organized and established the Soviet Writers Association,
He also presided over the first writers' congress in the whole Soviet Union, trained new literary talents and actively participated in the cause of maintaining world peace.
Gorky's works were introduced to China from 1907. His excellent literary works and papers have become the proletariat in the world.
There are * * * levels of wealth.
Childhood is the first part of Gorky's autobiography trilogy, which mainly describes Aletha's childhood. The other two in the trilogy, On Earth and My University, mainly describe alessa's adolescent experience. In order to let readers have a complete understanding of Aletha's growing process, here is a brief introduction to the contents of the last two works. On Earth depicts Alesha's experience of going out to make a living. He suffered a lot from life, did all kinds of labor, was bullied, insulted, fooled, even beaten and framed, experienced the hardships at the bottom of social life and realized the ugliness of human nature. However, grandma's kindness, chef's integrity and La Reine Margot's erudition made him see the bright side of life. His contact with cultural relics appraisers, firefighters and carpenters also made him feel that human nature is multifaceted and complicated. He loves books so much that he reads all the books he can meet whenever he has the chance, which makes him suffer a lot. My university described his activities and growing experience in Kazan. He 16 years old came to Kazan with the hope of going to college, but his dream could not be realized. The slums and docks of Kazan became his social university. He has no place to live and shares a bed with others. Working in docks, bakeries and grocery stores. Later, due to contact with college students, middle school students, members of secret groups and revolutionaries exiled from Siberia, their thoughts changed. He read works of revolutionary democracy and Marxism until he took part in revolutionary activities. Under the guidance of revolutionaries, he got rid of the mental crisis of suicide. During his four years in Kazan, his thoughts, knowledge and social experience have made great progress. 19 14 Russian writer Thoreau Cooper wrote: "I felt sorry when I read Gorky's autobiographical novel trilogy in the Writer's Diary. I can't help thinking of lev tolstoy's sweet childhood. On the contrary, it is fighting, fighting Europe and whipping ... it is simply a sadist who is psychologically incomprehensible. " Indeed, the whole "childhood" depicts a colorful, bizarre and indescribable life. That life seems to be a tragic fairy tale told by a kind and extremely honest genius. In that dark life, there were too many cruel social affairs. If a child does something wrong, he should take off his pants and be beaten. In order to separate, the father and son fought and even beat their heads off; Grandma has no fault and can't escape grandpa's punching and kicking; Uncle Mikhail made fun of the old craftsman grigori with a red-hot thimble. Mother knelt on the ground and begged her stepfather not to fool around outside. Stepfather kicked her in the chest in boots. Grigori worked for his grandfather all his life. When he was blind and lost his ability to work, he was driven out of the dyehouse and lived on the streets begging for food. Grandpa not only exploited the workers cruelly, but also was denied by his six relatives. When cooking tea with his wife, he has to count the tea in his hand carefully for fear of losing money. Finally, he kicked his wife and grandson out of the house and left them to fend for themselves. However, despite so many horrible and ugly things described in the work, the whole work still exudes optimism like sunshine penetrating through clouds. Aletha, the hero, is not overwhelmed by the hardships, pain and humiliation of life. He is full of confidence, works hard, breaks through all kinds of obstacles and misfortunes, and constantly explores a new life. This optimism makes his works have a positive color in ideological content. Gorky, the author, repeatedly explained in his childhood: "Whenever I recall the oppressive, dirty and barbaric life in Russia, I often ask myself: Is it necessary to write about this ugly behavior?" I always answer myself confidently: it is necessary! Because this is the living ugly reality of life, which still exists at present. To change this reality, to remove its influence from people's memories and hearts, and from our heavy and dirty life, we must thoroughly understand this reality. ""I describe this ugly behavior in real life for a more positive reason: although these ugly behaviors are disgusting and make us feel depressed; Although they have killed countless beautiful souls, the hearts of Russians are still so healthy and young, and they are overcoming and finally being able to overcome this ugly behavior. " "Our life is wonderful. In our life, although there is fertile soil that breeds all kinds of shameless scum, this fertile soil will eventually grow into an excellent, healthy and creative force, and grow into a kind and humane thing, constantly inspiring us to build a bright and humane new life. "On the one hand, it shows Gorky's aesthetic principle: writers don't have to avoid any ugliness in life, but their purpose is to attract people's attention and completely eliminate it. They firmly believe that human society has a self-regulation mechanism of truth, goodness and beauty. On the other hand, it also shows that Gorky's purpose in writing his tragic childhood experience is not to show people how sympathetic and pitiful he is, nor to simply recall his childhood life, but to tell readers with his own personal experience, no matter how bad the environment is and how difficult life is. There are always some kind and beautiful people who can cultivate healthy and upright hearts with an upward heart in a dirty environment. So we say that the ideological content of this book is positive, not decadent. The works mainly portray two kinds of characters, and the author expresses his love and hate for them through the narration of these two kinds of characters. There are two kinds of characters: one is a selfish and cruel person represented by grandpa, and the other is an honest and kind person represented by grandma. Grandpa is a very annoying person in Aletha.
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