I. Smoking history
The history of mankind is 2.5 million years. For a long time, humans did not smoke. Columbus discovered the new continent in 1492, and at the same time found that local Indians smoked, which was the earliest direct discovery of human smoking. It can be seen that human smoking has a history of about 500 years.
When Columbus arrived at the coast of the West Indies, he saw the local Indians roll dry tobacco leaves into tubes and ignite them, emitting thick smoke and a pungent smell. I have also seen people grind tobacco leaves into snuff, chewing tobacco or similar pipes. By the middle of16th century, tobacco had spread rapidly to other parts of the world. By the beginning of17th century, tobacco had been introduced to Germany, Russia, Turkey, Philippines, Japan and other places. Cigarettes only appeared during the Crimean War in the middle of19th century. 1887 cigarette maker came out in Britain, so cigarette production developed rapidly.
People in ancient China didn't smoke. Tobacco was introduced to China at the end of 16. The earliest transliteration was "Danbaku" in the Wanli period of Ming Dynasty (1573 ~ 1620), and the name of tobacco was changed at the end of Ming Dynasty. According to the research of historians, tobacco was introduced into China through three routes. Once from the Philippines to Taiwan Province Province and Fujian, and then to the north. The other was introduced to Guangdong from Nanyang; The third article was introduced into Liaodong from Japan via Korea. It is generally believed that it was introduced into China, Taiwan Province and Fujian provinces from the Philippines.
By the end of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty, smoking was prevalent. In the Qing dynasty, the wind was even stronger. Since then, it has become a common custom for guests to offer cigarettes first and then tea. Medical scientists in Ming and Qing dynasties have observed the toxic and side effects of tobacco on human body. For example, it is recorded in Compendium of Materia Medica in South Yunnan that tobacco is "disturbing people's unconsciousness ..."; "Herbal Yan Hui" records that "if you eat it occasionally, your breath will be blocked and you will be bored to death, and you will not know what to do." Zhang Jingyue, a Chinese medicine doctor, once said: "Smoking can dispel evil spirits, but it will also consume qi" and concluded that "Smoking also harms people".
Second, harmful substances in tobacco.
The smoke produced by cigarette combustion contains at least 2000 harmful components, such as benzopyrene, benzoanthracene, nitrosamines, polonium 2 10, cadmium, arsenic, β-naphthylamine and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The carcinogens in cigarette smoke include cyanide, o-cresol, phenol and so on. When smoking, most of cigarette smoke is inhaled into the lungs, and a small part enters the digestive tract with saliva. Some harmful substances in smoke stay in the lungs, and some enter the blood circulation and flow to the whole body. Under the synergistic effect of carcinogens and cancer promoters, normal cells will be damaged and form cancer.
The harmful components in cigarette smoke include alkaloids such as carbon monoxide and nicotine, amines, nitriles, alcohols, phenols, alkanes, olefins, carbonyl compounds, nitrogen oxides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic compounds, heavy metal elements and organic pesticides. They have many biological functions, including:
1. Inflammatory stimulation to respiratory mucosa: such as aldehydes, nitrogen oxides and olefins.
2. Toxic effects on cells: such as nitriles, amines and heavy metal elements.
3. Addictive: alkaloids such as nicotine.
4. It is carcinogenic to human body, such as benzopyrene, cadmium, dimethylnitrosamine and β-naphthylamine of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
5. Can promote cancer, such as phenolic compounds.
6. Make red blood cells lose the ability to carry oxygen, such as carbon monoxide.
"Tobacco tar and carbon monoxide" are usually used to evaluate the content of harmful substances in tobacco, which requires
The tar produced by each cigarette is below 1.5mg, and the smoke measured in the market is several times more. If you smoke 20 cigarettes a day and a quarter of them are inhaled, the tar content of cigarettes inhaled by smokers is about 120 ~ 200mg/ day. The combined action of harmful substances in tobacco tar poses a great threat to human cancer.
When the inhalation amount reaches a certain level, it will produce a variety of carcinogens that constitute cigarette tar.
Initiators, cancer promoters and synergistic carcinogens can accelerate canceration.
Third, the harm of smoking.
1998165438+10. In October, the World Health Organization's Regional Office for the Western Pacific held the fourth session of "Tobacco"
Grass or health work conference ",the meeting pointed out that the number of people who die from smoking in countries in the western Pacific region every year is almost equal to the sum of the number of people who die from alcoholism, murder, suicide, drug abuse, drowning, traffic accidents, industrial accidents and AIDS. Smoking can damage various tissues and organs of human body, and cause many diseases such as cancer, hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, peptic ulcer, chronic bronchitis and emphysema. The World Health Organization estimates that 8,000 people die from smoking every day in the world. Professor Richard Peto of Oxford University Cancer Institute pointed out: "One third of regular smokers will die of this hobby, and half of them will only live to middle age. "In developed countries, smoking is associated with 85% of lung cancer deaths, 75% of bronchitis and emphysema deaths and 25% of heart disease deaths. According to statistics, 1 smokers in Britain died of lung cancer, 1/3 middle-aged smokers died of lung cancer and heart disease caused by smoking. Studies show that13 of cancer patients are related to smoking. Cancer-causing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) began to decline in lung tissue three months after quitting smoking, and did not reach the level of non-smokers until five years after quitting smoking.
According to the research results published in May 1999 by Liu Jiaoshou, Institute of Oncology, China Academy of Medical Sciences, tobacco caused 600,000 deaths in China in 1990, and it will reach 800,000 in 2000. According to the current smoking situation, by the middle of the 20th century, about 3 million people will die from tobacco every year.
In the 1990s, about14 of the total annual deaths in Beijing were due to cerebrovascular diseases, and another 1/4 died of cancer. In cancer, lung cancer has accounted for 1/4 of all cancer deaths. In China, about 70% ~ 80% of male lung cancer is attributed to smoking, while about 30% of female lung cancer is attributed to smoking and passive smoking. Among smokers, the incidence of laryngeal cancer, lip cancer, tongue cancer, esophageal cancer, bladder cancer and kidney cancer is several times higher than that of non-smokers. If you smoke an average of 20 cigarettes a day, the risk of lung cancer is 20 times higher for smokers who have smoked for 20 years than for non-smokers. People who started smoking before the age of 20 died of lung cancer 28 times more than non-smokers. According to the research of American scientists, the average life expectancy of smokers is about 20 years shorter than that of non-smokers.
According to the investigation of China Cancer Prevention and Research Office, in the early 1990s, the mortality rate of lung cancer in China rose from 7.09/65438+ million in the 1970s to 17.54/65438+ million in the 1990s, which was 5 times higher than that in the mid-1970s. The mortality rate of lung cancer in Jiangsu Province has increased by 3.67 times in recent 20 years. In the 74 cities sampled, lung cancer deaths have accounted for the first place among all cancer deaths. 1975, there were about 30,000 male lung cancer deaths in China. If the smoking rate in China is not reduced, 900,000 men will die of lung cancer every year by 2025, which is 30 times that of the 1970s. Take Britain as an example, because many people have smoked for many years, smoking kills13 middle-aged people. Therefore, discouraging smoking and opposing smoking are important measures to prevent cancer, obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke, coronary heart disease and other diseases and prolong life.
Fourth, simply answer a few questions.
1. What are active smoking and passive smoking?
When smoking, smokers inhale cigarette smoke into the body, which is called active smoking. Smokers spray cigarettes, and the smoke in the place where cigarettes are lit pollutes the nearby air, which makes non-smokers breathe the air polluted by cigarette smoke and is also harmed by cigarettes. This is called passive smoking. Studies have proved that if the husband smokes and the wife doesn't smoke, and they often live together in a family, then the wife's chance of developing lung cancer in the future is higher than that of the husband's non-smoking wife 1 to 3 times. The more the husband smokes, the greater the chance that the wife will get cancer. If someone smokes at home, children at home are prone to bronchitis and pneumonia.
In 1985, the Swedish court made such a judgment that smoking by colleagues may lead to lung cancer and death of colleagues, and called this phenomenon "occupational injury", and the families of the victims can claim certain economic compensation. According to statistics, the number of deaths caused by passive smoking is 1000 in Britain and 4000-5000 in the United States.
There is a synergistic effect between smoking and environmental pollution. How to understand it?
For example, among ordinary workers, the incidence of lung cancer in smokers is about 10 times higher than that in non-smokers. Among asbestos workers, the incidence of lung cancer is 8 times higher than that of ordinary workers, while among asbestos workers who smoke, the incidence of lung cancer is several times higher than that of ordinary workers. The carcinogenic effect of smoking and the effect of environmental or occupational carcinogens have almost doubled the synergistic effect.
Smokers have been smoking for 20 years. Is it okay to quit smoking now?
It's good to quit smoking immediately after smoking for 20 years. Since you quit smoking, the harm of smoking will not continue to increase, and the toxins accumulated in your body will gradually decrease, thus reducing your risk of chronic bronchitis, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and cancer. Quitting smoking is good for cancer prevention, and quitting early is better than quitting late. But even if you have cancer, you should quit smoking immediately, which is conducive to curing the disease and consolidating the curative effect, and preventing smoking from causing secondary cancer. If a precancerous lesion or early cancer has been formed in someone because of smoking, it is impossible to completely disappear in a short time after quitting smoking. Therefore, if cancer occurs in the short term after quitting smoking, it is not caused by quitting smoking, but by smoking for a long time before quitting smoking. But the benefit of quitting smoking for this person is to slow down the process of cancer occurrence and development, which is conducive to treatment. Therefore, no matter how long you smoke, quitting smoking is good for you.
4. Is the filter cigarette harmless?
No, the filter device cannot filter out carbon monoxide and other toxic gases, including gaseous carcinogens. Therefore, people who smoke filter cigarettes are still at high risk of heart, brain, vascular diseases and cancer.
5. What are the additional hazards of tobacco to women?
Smoking among female users of oral contraceptives increases the risk of heart disease and venous thrombosis of lower limbs. When pregnant women smoke, the fetus in the body is also "smoking". Smoking in pregnant women will bring carbon monoxide and nicotine into the fetal blood stream, thus reducing the fetal oxygen supply and accelerating the fetal heart rate. Fetuses of pregnant women who smoke are prone to premature delivery and underweight; It is easy to get sick in infancy.
6. What are the hazards of adolescent smoking?
Smoking is more harmful to teenagers. This is because during the growth and development of teenagers, human organs are immature and have weak resistance to harmful factors in the environment. Harmful substances in cigarette smoke easily reach bronchioles and alveoli, so poisons are easily absorbed and human tissues are seriously damaged. It affects the respiratory function of the lungs, causing cough and expectoration, and may also cause shortness of breath, which is prone to chronic bronchitis, emphysema and heart disease. The incidence of lung cancer at the age of 20-26 is 10 times higher than that of non-smokers, 15 times higher than that at the age of 9, and 15 times higher than that at the age of under 5. Teenagers smoking will also reduce their academic performance.
7. What is the smoking situation in the world?
In industrialized countries, more than 15 men,13 smoke; And the third world countries are almost 1/2. In industrialized countries, the number of female smokers is similar to that of men; In the third world countries, 10% of women smoke, but the proportion is still increasing. Since the early 1960s, the United States has vigorously promoted smoking cessation, and the government has also enacted relevant laws. Up to now, the adult smoking rate in the United States has dropped from 42% to 25%, and about 50 million smokers have given up smoking, which has curbed the rising incidence of male lung cancer in the country. According to WHO Director-General Mahler 1988, there are 5.5 million people in Canada,100000 people in Britain and 40 million people in the United States who quit smoking. At present, the smoking rate in industrialized countries is decreasing at an annual rate of about 1%, while the smoking rate in third world countries is increasing at an annual rate of 1% ~ 2%. Tobacco dealers in western countries are dumping tobacco products to the third world, which is harmful to these countries.
Five, promote smoking cessation
Everyone is encouraged to give up smoking for the sake of health. The key to quitting smoking is understanding, determination and perseverance. Therefore, the key to quitting smoking is yourself. As for the smoking cessation candy, smoking cessation medicine, smoking cessation perfume, smoking cessation mouthwash or chewing gum sold in the market, they are only some auxiliary functions.