Herbart: general pedagogy, psychology textbook
Thorndike: Educational Psychology.
The basic task of educational psychology is: under the guidance of dialectical materialism, to reveal the laws of various psychological activities in the process of education, to serve the cause of socialist education in China and the "three aspects" of education in China.
Research methods of educational psychology: 1, observation 2, investigation 3, experiment 4, questionnaire 5 and case study.
The importance of learning educational psychology in middle schools: 1, helping middle school teachers become qualified engineers of human soul 2, helping middle school teachers improve teaching quality.
Under the new curriculum reform, middle school teachers should have psychological qualities: 1, establish the guiding ideology of health first according to the brand-new educational concept (1), (2) pay attention to students' all-round development from knowledge transfer, (3) change their roles and establish a new teacher-student relationship, (4) change the traditional education and teaching mode, build a new teaching structure, and (2) establish lofty.
The formation of teaching style generally goes through the following stages: 1, imitation stage 2, exploration stage 3, creation stage 4 and unique style stage.
Observation: It is a purposeful, planned and lasting perception. This is the positive expression of people's perceptual knowledge of the objective world, the core of perceptual ability and the advanced form of perceptual development.
Observation: it is the ability to observe, to investigate things purposefully and actively, and to be good at observing the typical inconspicuous characteristics of objective things.
Observation quality: 1, observation purpose 2, observation accuracy 3, observation sensitivity 4, observation systematicness.
The characteristics of the development of middle school students' observation ability are: 1, the purpose of observation is enhanced, the observation is more lasting, the accuracy of observation is improved, and the systematicness and generality of observation are enhanced.
Memory: It is a psychological process of accumulating and preserving individual experiences in the mind. In the aspect of information processing, it is a process in which the human brain encodes, stores and extracts information input from the outside world.
According to the content of memory, it can be divided into image memory, situational memory, semantic memory, emotional memory and sports memory.
According to the retention time of memory content, it can be divided into instantaneous memory, short-term memory and long-term memory.
Explicit memory and implicit memory
The characteristics of middle school students' development are: 65,438+0, and the high school stage tends to be mature; 2. Conscious memory is increasingly dominant; 3. Comprehension and memory are obviously dominant; 4. The level of abstract memory is significantly improved; 5. Middle school is the best time for memory training.
Thinking: it is realized through language, representation or action, and the generalization and indirect understanding of objective things is an advanced form of understanding.
Characteristics of thinking: generality and indirectness
Thinking types: intuitive action thinking, image thinking and logical thinking, empirical thinking and theoretical thinking, intuitive thinking and analytical thinking, convergent thinking and divergent thinking, conventional thinking and creative thinking.
Thinking quality: 1, breadth and depth of thinking 2, criticism of thinking 3, flexibility of thinking 4, agility of thinking 5, originality of thinking.
The characteristics of the development of middle school students' thinking ability are: 65,438+0, abstract thinking is dominant, and the transition from experience to theory; 2. Dialectical logical thinking develops rapidly, but obviously lags behind the development of formal logical thinking; 3. Thinking about problem situations is a qualitative leap; 4. The contradiction of thinking quality.
Representation: Representation is the premise and foundation of imagination, which refers to the image of things appearing in people's minds.
Imagination: it is a psychological process of processing and transforming the existing representations in the mind to form a new image. This is an advanced cognitive activity.
The characteristics of middle school students' imagination development are: 1, and intention is dominant; 2. Imagination tends to be abstract and realistic; 3. The creative component of imagination has increased.
The characteristics of middle school students' emotional development are: 65,438+0, rich and colorful, full of vitality; 2. Obvious emotional polarization; 3. The deepening of emotion; 4. Emotion gradually stabilizes; 5. Express and expose emotions rationally.
The reasons for middle school students' puppy love are: 1, early sexual physiological development, wide spread of sexual information, neglect of sex education and students' personal reasons.
Puppy love education for middle school students: 1, the disadvantages of puppy love outweigh the advantages; 2. Guide the normal communication between boys and girls; 3. Strengthen sex education.
Will: it is a psychological process of consciously controlling and regulating behavior and overcoming difficulties to achieve predetermined goals.
The characteristics of middle school students' will development are: 1, and the purpose of will action is constantly improving; 2. Perseverance to overcome difficulties is constantly increasing; 3. They like to imitate and are good at imitating; 4. The motivation level of will action is constantly improving; 5. Will quality has been further developed.
Measures to cultivate middle school students' will quality: 1. Strengthen the education of purpose and motivation and cultivate correct concepts. 2. Take the hero as an example and draw nutrition from literary and artistic works. 3. Transform students' bad temperament characteristics. 4. Strictly manage education, so that students can form the habit of consciously observing discipline. 5. Inspire students to strengthen self-exercise of will.
Personality: the sum total of a person's psychological characteristics, which are formed under certain social conditions, have certain tendencies and are relatively stable.
Personality characteristics: 1, personality tendency 2, personality complexity 3, personality uniqueness and * * * 4, personality stability and variability 5, personality integrity 6, personality enthusiasm.
Structure of personality: 1, tendency of personality 2, psychological characteristics of personality.
Characteristics of middle school students' personality development: junior high school students: 1, high self-awareness, rebellious psychology, contradictory characteristics of emotional expression, new characteristics of interpersonal communication, negative emotions of junior high school students: 1, high self-awareness, relatively stable self-concept of senior high school students, and deepening self-evaluation of senior high school students.
Self-awareness: it is people's awareness of their physical and mental state and their relationship with the objective world.
Structure of self-awareness: From the formal point of view, the structure of self-awareness includes three aspects: knowledge and emotion. From the content, self-consciousness is divided into physiological self, social self and psychological self.
Characteristics of self-awareness: 1, self-awareness, initiative of self-awareness, sociality of self-awareness, identity of self-awareness and uniqueness of self-awareness.
The characteristics of middle school students' self-awareness development: junior high school students: 65,438+0, enhanced sense of maturity 2, improved self-evaluation ability 3, and attached importance to the cultivation of self-control and other qualities; Senior high school students: 65,438+0, unbalanced mentality 2, turbulence 3, enhanced autonomy 4, foresight 5, atresia 6, sociality.
Values: refers to the content scale that individuals hold when evaluating the importance of things based on their own needs.
Composition of value: 1. Value goal is a goal that individuals think, determine and pursue, which is of great significance to their behavior. 2. Value means are the ways and means for individuals to achieve their goals. 3. Value evaluation is an individual's judgment on the value and size of objective things according to certain value standards.
Characteristics of values: 1, stability and development 2, uniqueness and social history 3, subjectivity and selectivity 4, systematicness 5, and orientation.
The four basic characteristics of contemporary middle school students' values are: 1, the change of value subject-giving consideration to social standard and individual standard; 2. The contradiction of value choice-the existence of idealism and realism; 3. The change of value orientation-from the relationship between human relations to the relationship between utility and efficiency; 4. The conflict of personality values-the inconsistency between concept consciousness and behavior.
Measures to cultivate middle school students' correct values: 1. Strengthen patriotism and enhance the sense of responsibility for rejuvenating the nation. 2. Correctly understand the relationship between "money, status and value" and "education, knowledge and value". Study hard and try to improve your potential creativity.
Creativity: refers to the ability to generate new ideas, discover and create new things.
Characteristics of creativity: 1, flexibility 2, uniqueness 3, fluency.
How to cultivate middle school students' creativity: 1 Modernize educational ideas, change ideas, break away from convention and cultivate creativity. 2. Arouse students' learning enthusiasm and stimulate their thirst for knowledge and curiosity. Guide students to find and solve problems; 3. Create a suitable environment; 4. Let students insert ideal wings in their study; 5. Create problem scenarios that help to improve creativity; 6. Design the teaching type of divergent thinking; 7. Cultivate students' logical thinking ability; 8. Carry out the "second channel" teaching; 9. Teach students creative thinking methods and learning methods 10, and integrate the examination mode 1 1.
The general characteristics of middle school students' intellectual development: 1, thinking through assumptions, predictability of thinking, formalization tendency of thinking, obvious enhancement of self-awareness or monitoring ability in thinking activities, and jumping out of the old thinking mode.
Moral character: refers to the stable characteristics of individuals when they abide by social moral norms, and is the unity of stable moral behavior needs and stable behavior patterns mastered to meet this need.
Characteristics of moral development of junior middle school students: 1. The level of moral consciousness has been greatly improved compared with that of primary schools, showing obvious enthusiasm, initiative and uniqueness. Moral ideals and beliefs have begun to take shape, and the world has just begun to sprout. 3. Junior high school students are increasingly rich in moral feelings and easily excited. 4. Junior high school students' moral will develops rapidly, and their autonomy, persistence and independence of behavior are enhanced. 5. Junior high school is the period when children's good moral habits are formed.
Bad moral behavior: refers to wrong moral domination, violation of moral norms, and damage to the interests of others or the collective.
Psychological factors of bad moral behavior: 1, unhealthy personal needs 2, negative emotional experience 3, abnormal interpersonal relationship 4, bad behavior habits 5, lack of correct moral understanding 6, weak moral will 7, wrong behavior of psychological development.
Learning motivation: refers to an internal motivation that directly promotes students' learning, that is, an internal force that causes, maintains and promotes students' learning activities.
The factors that affect students' learning motivation are (1) interest, (2) achievement motivation, (3) attribution and (4) communication motivation.
Strategies to stimulate learning motivation: (1) Insist on internal motivation, supplemented by external motivation; (2) Implementing heuristic education, creating problem situations and stimulating cognitive interest and curiosity; (3) using the feedback function of learning results; (4) Use correct competitions, examinations and evaluations. (5) Pay attention to the combination of internal and external motives; (6) Pay attention to personality differences.
Learning transfer: refers to the influence of one kind of learning on another.
Factors affecting learning transfer: (1) individual factors 1, students' age and intelligence level; (2) Students' cognitive structure; (2) Students' learning attitude and learning stereotype; (2) objective factors 1, characteristics of learning materials; (3) Teachers' effective guidance on transfer teaching; (1) Improve teaching methods and promote migration; (2) Optimize teaching procedures and promote migration. Factors that affect middle school students' knowledge understanding by cultivating students' good learning methods (1) The level of students' thinking development (2) Students' existing knowledge and experience (3) They are psychologically prepared for understanding and learning (4) The characteristics of learning materials themselves (5) Teachers' teaching methods 1 Enriching relevant experience and perceptual materials (2) Paying attention to the connection between old and new knowledge (3) Stimulating students' connection.
The teaching approaches to promote middle school students' knowledge understanding include: (1) making effective use of intuitive teaching and providing rich perceptual materials; (2) Rational use of variant teaching to help students understand; (3) Make full use of comparative methods to reveal the internal relations and differences between things and strengthen students' understanding of knowledge structure; (4) Creating problem situations to arouse the enthusiasm of students' thinking activities; (5) Differentiate guidance according to students' age characteristics.
Basic ways for middle school students to consolidate their knowledge; (1) Timely review; (2) Reasonable allocation of review time; (3) the combination of repeated reading and trying to reproduce; (4) Factors affecting the knowledge application of middle school students: (1) Students' understanding and consolidation of knowledge; (2) the level of students' intellectual activities; (3) the nature of the subject.
Learning strategy: refers to students' explicit behavior and implicit psychological activities of self-control and regulation of learning activities in the learning process.
Typical learning strategies: (1) cognitive strategy 1 retelling strategy, 2 arrangement strategy 3 organization strategy, (2) metacognitive strategy 1, planning strategy 2, monitoring strategy 3, adjustment strategy (3) resource management strategy 1, learning time management 2, learning environment management 3, learning.
Test anxiety; It refers to a complex emotional phenomenon, which refers to a psychological state in a certain test-taking situation, which is restricted by physical and mental factors such as individual cognitive evaluation ability and personality tendency, with anxiety as the basic feature and defense or escape as the basic behavior mode.
How to overcome middle school students' test anxiety: 1 Always make positive self-suggestion. 2. Do your best, no matter what the final result is. 3. Pay attention to adjust your mood before the exam.
The influence of class collectivity on the development of middle school students' self-awareness: 65,438+0. Class collective can guide and motivate the formation of middle school students' self-awareness. 2. Class collective has a comparative effect on middle school students' self-evaluation. 3. Class collective can deepen middle school students' self-experience. 4. Class collective can supervise the self-control of middle school students. 5. Class collective can induce middle school students to reflect on themselves.
The psychological elements of establishing a good middle school class collective mainly include: 1, establishing the goal of the class collective, establishing the leadership core of the class collective, cultivating healthy collective public opinion, establishing a good class atmosphere and organizing colorful class activities.
Psychological atmosphere: also known as psychological climate and psychological atmosphere, it is a psychological concept of emotional evaluation and social evaluation of psychological phenomena in groups and collectives, and it is a dominant and relatively stable emotional state in groups and collectives.
The characteristics of psychological atmosphere in middle school classroom teaching are: 1, implicit and explicit 2, stability and variability.
How to create a good classroom teaching psychological atmosphere: 1, improve teaching ability 2, adopt democratic classroom leadership 3, master classroom regulation ability 4, establish positive teacher expectations 5, establish harmonious teacher-student relationship 6, correct educational ideas, update educational concepts 7, and build a safe psychological environment.
The art of organizing classroom teaching: refers to an act that teachers organize and manage classroom order, concentrate students' attention, create appropriate teaching situations, stimulate students' interest in learning, mobilize students' enthusiasm, and help students achieve the predetermined goals of classroom teaching.
Lead-in art: that is, before the teaching of new teaching content begins, teachers guide students into the learning state.
The factors influencing middle school students' socialization are: 1, social factor A, mass media B, social culture 2, school factor 3 and family factor.
Deviation behavior: also known as deviation behavior or deviant behavior, is a kind of behavior that violates social norms and is not recognized by most people. It is an act that deviates from or contradicts the socially recognized standards of behavior.
The concrete manifestations of middle school students' deviant behavior are: 1, aggression 2, crime 3 and suicide.
Mental health: refers to a person's physical, psychological and social harmony, the individual can adapt to the current and developing environment, and has a perfect personality and normal psychological activities.
Learning problems: 1, weariness of learning 2, learning pressure 3, learning difficulties 4, test anxiety.
Self-maintenance measures of middle school teachers' mental health: 1, correct cognition 2, adjustment of feelings 3, and change of behavior.
The causes of middle school students' psychological barriers are: 1, school factor 2, family factor 3, social factor 4 and students' own factors.
Importance of mental health education for middle school students: 1. Middle school students' mental health education is a new task and task facing current education, and it is the requirement of all-round quality education. 2. Middle school students' mental health education is beneficial to their health. 3. Middle school students' mental health education is conducive to improving their learning quality. 4. Middle school students' mental health education is conducive to their better adaptation to life.