Here are some rules about water supply in cities and towns.
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Under the guidance of the Ministry of Construction, China Urban Water Supply Association is a social organization composed of urban water supply enterprises and local urban water supply enterprises, and relevant units or individuals voluntarily participate. The purpose of the Association is to adhere to the four cardinal principles, abide by the Constitution and laws, conscientiously implement the principles and policies of the Party and the state, promote industry management, safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of members, reflect the wishes of members, promote horizontal exchanges among enterprises, provide members with various forms of services, play a bridge role between government departments and enterprises, and promote the development of urban water supply.
Summary: Urban water supply in China was born in the late Qing Dynasty, and it has a history of 100 years. After long-term development, especially since the founding of New China, water supply enterprises have been established in cities, counties and towns all over the country. China City Water Supply Association was established on 2 1 65,438,0985, with basic group members, group members, individual members, invited members and honorary members, and now there are 2,672 * * members.
Main activities:
1. Actively, conscientiously and solidly serve members.
(1) Help enterprises to explore the road of reform;
(2) Actively carry out wage reform;
(3) Assist in the reasonable adjustment of water price;
(4) Actively cooperate with the Ministry of Construction to implement enterprise grading;
(5) Do regular work.
2. Give full play to the role of bridge ties and staff assistants.
(1) Cooperate with the Ministry of Construction to improve the legal system construction of water supply industry;
(two) to assist government departments to formulate industry plans;
(3) Actively carry out international exchanges and cooperation;
(4) Hold water supply and water saving products exhibition activities.
Organization: The highest authority of China Water Association is the member congress, the executive body is the Council, and the secretariat is the permanent body. The professional committees under the association are: science and technology Committee, enterprise management Committee, water saving Committee, county and town water supply Committee, ideological and political Committee, editing and publishing Committee,
Economic entities and other organizations: 1992, China Water Association and Shanghai Water Supply Equipment Engineering Company, a subsidiary of Shanghai Water Supply Company, jointly established "Huashui New Technology Development Company". The company's business scope includes: the development of new technologies and new products for urban water supply; Providing consulting and labor services for technical transformation and technical diagnosis of water supply enterprises; Design and construction tasks of water purification engineering and pipeline engineering; Distribution of water supply and water saving special equipment, equipment, organization of exhibitions and fixed-point processing products. In the past two years, the business has been continuously expanded, and the operating efficiency has achieved initial results, which has created an effective way for the association to expand its services and increase its financial income. In order to safeguard the interests of water supply enterprises and users, promote the continuous improvement of the quality of water supply and water-saving equipment, and get through the information transmission of high-quality products, China Water Association set up water supply and water-saving product recommendation offices under the Science and Technology Committee and the Water-saving Committee respectively to carry out the work of recommending high-quality products.
Publication: Urban Water Supply is a comprehensive academic publication sponsored by China Water Association. The main contents of the publication are not only reports and special discussions on water supply technology, but also information on the principles and policies of urban water supply, the main activities of the association, the management of water supply enterprises, the development of water supply technology in international cities, the activities of international water industry, the popularization of water supply technology and enterprise management. Water Supply and Saving is a newspaper sponsored by China Water Association. It is used to publicize the relevant principles, policies and regulations of urban water supply and urban water saving, report the development of urban water supply, the major activities of China Water Association, the achievements and new trends of water supply enterprise management throughout the country, the measures and trends of reform and opening up, publish biographies, members' literary works, and cultural and sports activities among water supply enterprises.
1. General
1. 1 In order to strengthen the management of water supply in small towns in the western region, develop water supply in small towns in the western region, and ensure residents' domestic water, production water and other water, according to the State Council DecreeNo. 158 Regulations on Urban Water Supply and Code for Design of Outdoor Water Supply (GB500 13-2006).
1.2 The term "small town ①" as mentioned in this technical policy refers to the legally established towns.
1.3 The water supply in small towns mentioned in this technical policy refers to the water supply system that uses public water supply pipelines and their ancillary facilities (equipment) to provide water for the production, living and other construction of residents and units.
1.4 this technical policy is applicable to the planning and engineering construction of water supply system in small towns in the west, guiding the selection of water supply system and treatment technology as the policy basis for water supply management.
1.5 urban water supply should be adapted to local conditions, and the water supply mode should be reasonably selected according to the economic development level, natural environmental conditions and geographical location of the region. The construction of urban water supply facilities should reasonably determine the scale of urban water supply facilities according to the urban development plan. Urban water supply should be incorporated into the overall urban planning and the national economic and social development plan.
1.6 urban water supply should follow the principle of combining rational development of water sources with planned water use and water conservation.
1.7 urban water supply should implement policies that are conducive to the sustainable development of urban water supply, encourage scientific and technological research on water supply, adopt mature and economical technologies, actively and steadily implement new water supply technologies, and improve the level of urban water supply.
① Classification of small towns: Class I towns refer to resident towns in county towns, central towns with a population of more than 30,000 in economically developed areas and central towns with a population of more than 25,000 in general economic development areas; Secondary towns, central towns and general towns with a population of more than 25,000 in economically developed areas, central towns with a population of more than 20,000 in economically developed areas, and towns with a population of more than 1 10,000 in economically underdeveloped areas; Third-class towns, ordinary towns other than second-class towns and established towns to be developed during the planning period. Source: Study on Planning Standards of Small Towns (China Urban Planning and Design Institute, etc. )
2. Objectives and principles
2. 1 According to the Ninth Five-Year Plan of the Ministry of Construction and the outline of the 20 10 plan, combined with the social and economic development of small towns in the west, we will strive to achieve 85% water supply penetration rate in most small towns in 20 10 and 95% in 2020.
2.2 The water supply project is the lifeline of the town, so it should be planned in a unified way, distributed rationally and developed in a coordinated way to ensure the safety of water quantity, water quality and water pressure.
2.3 Encourage joint water supply in small towns with conditions.
2.4 The construction of urban water supply facilities should be combined with short-term and long-term planning and design. The short-term design life is 5 years, and the long-term planning life is 5~ 15 years.
2.5 According to the local economic situation, popularize the applicable water plant automation technology, and at the same time, optimize the pipe network scheduling and production management.
3. Water source and water intake
3. 1 Strengthen the unified planning and management of water resources to ensure the safety of drinking water sources. Conditional areas, try to use quality water supply. The design of water supply project should consider the conservation and utilization of water resources, water environmental protection and water resources sustainability from the overall situation, and give priority to ensuring urban domestic water use.
3.2 According to the specific situation of surface water and groundwater, scientifically determine the development order of water supply sources. Water supply sources should be considered as a whole, and groundwater should be used as a backup source in areas rich in surface water; For towns lacking surface water, groundwater can be used. In addition, water sources such as rainwater, reclaimed water (not suitable for drinking water) and brackish water can be actively developed in water-deficient areas according to the situation.
3.3 The location of the water intake shall meet the requirements of the overall urban planning, and factors such as water quality, topography, hydrogeology and construction shall be comprehensively considered. Give priority to reservoir water (spring water) with good water quality, close distance, high energy level and sufficient water quantity to improve water supply economy.
3.4 Water source and water quantity requirements
3.4. 1 Make rational use of water resources, and make overall consideration of urban domestic water, industrial water, agricultural water and other water on the premise of meeting the basic ecological water demand.
3.4.2 Make a serious investigation on the water resources in the region to ensure that the low water flow of urban water supply sources is not less than 90%. When the low water flow of water source can not meet the above requirements, the guarantee rate can be appropriately reduced or measures such as multi-source regulation and water storage can be taken to ensure the water consumption.
3.5 Water quality requirements
3.5. 1 Water source areas must establish water source protection areas according to law. It is strictly prohibited to build any facilities that may endanger the water quality of water sources and conduct activities that hinder the water quality of water sources in protected areas. For areas with rivers as water sources, the protection of water areas from upstream 1000m to downstream1000 m of water intake should be strengthened. For taking reservoir water, the local people's congress should legislate to designate the runoff area of the reservoir as the first-class water source protection area, and for the underground water source, the protection of the core area of the water source well should be strengthened. In addition, the protection of secondary water source protection areas should be strengthened.
3.5.2 When surface water is selected as the water supply source, reference should be made to the current Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water (GB3838).
3.5.3 When selecting groundwater as the water supply source, we should refer to the provisions in the current Groundwater Quality Standard (GB/T 14848).
3.5.4 When the water quality of the water source does not meet the requirements, it should not be used as the water supply source. Conditional need to use, the water quality exceeds the standard project after treatment by the water plant, the effluent quality should meet the requirements of the current "Hygienic Standard for Drinking Water".
3.6 Selection of water intake structure types
3.6. 1 groundwater intake structure, when the local groundwater is shallow and the water level changes little, large-diameter tube wells are used to take water; When the river bed is a sandy gravel layer with good water permeability, the aquifer is thick and the water is abundant, the underground seepage water can be taken by using large wells or seepage channels.
3.6.2 The type of surface water intake structure shall be considered according to the riverbed topography and geology, riverbed scouring, siltation, water depth and water level fluctuation, sediment and floating objects, ice conditions, shipping and construction conditions, etc. on the premise of meeting the requirements of safe water supply. , and the river intake is generally considered to be fixed; When the water level of the water source changes greatly, the fluctuation speed of the water level is less than 2.0m/h, the water flow is not urgent, the construction period is short, it is difficult to build a fixed water intake structure, the water intake safety is not high, or the water intake is temporary, the movable water intake structure such as cable car or buoy can be considered. When the water depth of the reservoir is large, the dam-type water intake structure is adopted and layered water intake is set. The structure can be designed and constructed at the same time as the dam body, and can also drain water from the culvert behind the dam body, so as to prevent the dam body from being damaged and not affected by ships and wind waves.
3.6.3 When the intake depth of the mountain stream is insufficient, or the intake accounts for a large percentage (> 30%) of the low flow of the river, and the bed load is not enough, a low dam can be built on the river to raise the water level and intercept enough water. The low baffle can be fixed or movable.
3.6.4 In mountainous rivers with shallow water depth and large bed load, when the water intake is large, the bottom grid type water intake is adopted.
4. Water delivery system
4. 1 The alignment of water pipes and canals shall meet the requirements of the overall urban planning. The water delivery system must ensure the safety and reliability of water supply.
4.2 The alignment of water pipelines and canals should fully consider the terrain and geological conditions, and at the same time facilitate the construction and management, so as to minimize the cost.
4.3 Water pipes and canals can adopt two forms: pressure pipes, gravity pipes and canals. When transporting water for a long distance, pressure and gravity can be combined.
4.4 Considering the safety of water supply, there should be no less than two water pipes and canals; When the topographical conditions are complex and the economic conditions do not permit, single-pipe canal can be used to deliver water, but the safety measures and maintenance conditions of water storage facilities and pipelines should be fully considered.
4.5 Considering the water supply and delivery pressure, geological conditions, buried depth, prevention of secondary pollution and other factors, we can select new pipes recommended by the state that are economical and practical and produced locally or nearby.
5. Water purification system
5. 1 Selection criteria
5. 1. 1 The water purification process should choose a process with less investment, low operating cost, convenient and simple operation and management, and less land occupation. At the same time, it should be optimized after technical and economic comparison according to the treatment scale, raw water quality and the requirements of the current Code for Design of Outdoor Water Supply (GB500 13).
5. 1.2 The main technical and economic indicators of water purification process selection include: capital construction investment, annual operating cost, unit water investment and unit water consumption; Coverage, operational reliability, management and maintenance difficulties, overall safety benefits, etc.
5. 1.3 Different regions and different water sources should adopt corresponding water purification technologies. When selecting water purification process, we should fully understand the formation and development trend of pollutants in raw water so as to analyze and judge the possible improvement measures of the selected process.
5.2 Treatment process
5.2. 1 When surface water is used as a centralized drinking water source, the conventional process of coagulation → precipitation or clarification → filtration → disinfection should be adopted for the water whose quality meets the current Class II standard of Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water (GB 3838). When local underground water is used as a centralized drinking water source, the water body whose water quality meets the Class III standard of the current Groundwater Quality Standard (GB14848) can be used as drinking water after proper treatment.
5.2.2 There should be no less than two groups of treatment structures. When the sediment concentration of raw water is high, pre-precipitation measures should be taken. If conditions permit, water storage structures can also be built for use during Sha Feng.
5.2.3 For raw water and eutrophic raw water containing natural organic matter or trace organic matter, appropriate pretreatment or enhanced treatment, advanced treatment process or combined process should be selected according to the pollution or eutrophic degree. Suitable pretreatment or enhanced treatment processes include: chemical oxidation (such as adding potassium permanganate and chlorine dioxide), adding coagulant aid and flocculant, adding powdered activated carbon and adding biological filter; Suitable advanced treatment processes include activated carbon adsorption, ozone activated carbon and membrane technology.
5.2.4 When the content of iron and manganese in raw water exceeds the current limit of Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water (GB3838), iron and manganese removal should be considered. Aeration → contact oxidation filtration can be used to remove iron and manganese alone; When iron and manganese in raw water exceed the standard at the same time, aeration → primary filtration → secondary filtration can be adopted.
5.2.5 When the fluorine content in raw water exceeds the current Hygienic Standard for Drinking Water (GB5749), fluoride removal should be considered. Suitable defluoridation methods include coagulation and precipitation, activated alumina adsorption, electrodialysis, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis, which are adopted according to economic conditions.
5.2.6 Chlorine disinfection, chlorine dioxide disinfection and ultraviolet disinfection should be adopted.
5.2.7 The dosing control of chemicals should be controlled by automatic dosing of metering pump.
6. Water distribution system
6. 1 The water distribution network shall be laid along the planned urban roads and along the sidewalks of the main urban roads according to the requirements of urban planning.
6.2 Pipes should be arranged along the direction of water flow, and the main pipe should be arranged on the shortest route. Supervisors should cross the blocks with high water consumption, and the distance between supervisors can be set according to the block conditions. The main pipes are connected into a ring through connecting pipes, and the spacing of the connecting pipes can be set according to the size of the building blocks.
6.3 The pipe network should be arranged in a ring shape to ensure the safety and reliability of water supply. When intermittent water supply is allowed, it can be arranged in a tree shape, but the possibility of connecting to the ring pipe network in the future should be considered.
6.4 It is forbidden to connect the urban drinking water pipe network with the non-drinking water pipe network.
6.5 Optimize the water supply system to ensure the water quantity and quality of the pipe network and save energy.
6.6 Water supply regulation mode can be water tower regulation or high pool regulation, and water pump speed regulation mode can be set according to the terrain.
7. Sludge treatment system
7. 1 The principle of sludge treatment and utilization in waterworks is reduction and harmlessness, and the sludge in waterworks in small towns should be properly treated according to the requirements of local environmental protection departments.
7.2 Sludge treatment process in waterworks generally includes concentration, conditioning and dehydration. Sludge conditioning adopts physical or chemical methods as appropriate; Sludge dewatering is mainly based on centrifugal or filter pressing process.
8. Automatic control system
8. 1 The degree of mechanization and automation of water supply engineering equipment should be properly determined according to the needs and equipment supply, starting from improving the quality and reliability of water supply, reducing energy consumption, improving scientific management level, improving working conditions and increasing economic benefits.
8.2 The equipment operation of the waterworks is mainly manual control. When conditions are ripe, the newly-built waterworks can build an automatic control system to improve the scientific management and automation level of the waterworks.
9. Water supply safety and water saving
9. 1 Formulate emergency plans for major accidents in water supply system to ensure people's normal life, economic development and social stability, and incorporate water supply safety into regional unified emergency plans.
9.2 For natural disasters, public health emergencies, endogenous water quality deterioration, accidental leakage of toxic and harmful chemicals and biological products, and operation accidents of water plants, early warning schemes and corresponding measures should be formulated.
9.3 In order to meet the basic domestic water demand, emergency water supply can be carried out by means of transporting drinking water, laying temporary water supply pipelines and supplying water with vehicle-mounted water purification equipment.
9.4 Small towns should pay attention to saving water. Urban per capita comprehensive water consumption should be ≤240L/d, and rural water consumption should be ≤120l/d. ..
10. Operation management
10. 1 In order to establish the standardized operation mechanism of urban water supply system, improve the technical level of water supply management and ensure safe, stable, high-quality and low-consumption water supply, the operation, maintenance and safety management of urban water supply system should be strengthened.
10.2 sampling point selection, inspection items, frequency and qualified rate in the process of water quality monitoring and water quality testing of urban and rural centralized water supply units shall be implemented according to corresponding standards; Water quality inspection method raw water inspection should be carried out in accordance with GB3838; The inspection method of drinking water shall be implemented according to water quality inspection Method for Drinking Water GB/T5750.
10.3 the operation, maintenance and plant-level dispatching of water supply facilities and equipment shall be carried out in accordance with the technical specification for operation and maintenance safety of urban water supply plants (CJJ58).
10.4 pay attention to the safe use of disinfectants chlorine, ammonia and chlorine dioxide in the water plant, and operate and use them in strict accordance with the corresponding safety regulations; Electrical safety should strictly abide by the relevant work regulations.
10.5 strengthen the daily operation and maintenance management of pipe network, improve the technical level of pipe network management, and prevent the secondary pollution of water supply pipe network system.