University scientific papers on the soft power of Langfang's scientific and technological development 1500 words
Through the investigation and summary of the historical logic and present situation of Langfang's scientific and technological development, it is found that the financial ecological environment supporting Langfang's scientific and technological development is still not perfect, and the institutional environment and humanistic environment are still relatively lacking, and the Langfang scientific and technological venture capital mechanism has not been formed. It is pointed out that the soft power of constructing Langfang science and technology venture capital mechanism lies in the formation of Langfang's own urban social capital, and it is further pointed out that in the process of urbanization, the different social capital stocks formed by different cities determine the development differences between cities. Finally, the concept, existing form and measurement of social capital are discussed.
Keywords scientific and technological development; Social capital; Science and technology venture capital; soft power
With the continuous development of globalization, scientific and technological innovation has become the basic condition to support regional economic growth and improve the overall competitiveness of industries to promote regional economic and social development, and it is also an important factor to determine the status of regional participation in international industrial division of labor under the conditions of globalization. Langfang, located in the hinterland of Beijing-Tianjin Corridor, has a unique geographical advantage. Under the great economic circle around the capital and Bohai Sea, the development of science and technology has become the foundation of Langfang regional economic and social development. So what is the history and present situation of Langfang's scientific and technological development?
First, the historical logic and present situation of Langfang's scientific and technological development
At present, Langfang's scientific and technological development has experienced three milestones and three stages, namely, from market environment construction to factor improvement to coordinated development.
The first milestone is the establishment of Langfang Science and Technology Valley, which marks the success of the market construction of Langfang science and technology development. During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, marked by the establishment of Langfang Science and Technology Valley, Langfang entered the stage of scientific and technological development promoting regional development. At the beginning of 2007, Langfang Science and Technology Valley was listed by the United Nations as a "United Nations demonstration project to promote high-tech industrialization and international cooperation". It is a place of scientific and technological innovation and realization that integrates fiscal and taxation policy support, resource protection, financing and government services. Subsequently, pilot R&D institutions such as Institute of Engineering Thermophysics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Pulp and Paper Research Institute and National Heat Flow Meter Testing (R&D) Center successively settled in Langfang Science and Technology Valley. [1] However, there are relatively few venture capital institutions supporting the development of scientific and technological innovation.
The establishment and operation of government functional departments and venture capital companies marks that Langfang's scientific and technological development has entered the stage of factor promotion. Up to now, Langfang Science and Technology Bureau, SME Administration and SME Investment and Financing Promotion Association are among the government functional departments and social organizations related to the development of science and technology, and they are working together to promote the development of scientific and technological innovation in Langfang. The establishment of Hebei Jinjida Venture Capital Co., Ltd. is the second milestone of Langfang's scientific and technological development. September 2009 1, introduced by Langfang science and technology bureau, and jointly invested by Tianjin Haida Investment Management Co., Ltd. and Hebei Science and Technology Investment Center * *, with a registered capital of 1 100 million yuan. Hebei Jinjida Venture Capital Co., Ltd. was incorporated. It was the largest science and technology venture capital institution in Langfang at that time, mainly engaged in high-tech industry investment and venture capital consulting, and provided risk management services for venture enterprises. [2] As of June 23, 20 1 1 year, there are 4 venture capital enterprises in Langfang, namely Langfang Development Zone Science and Technology Venture Co., Ltd., Rong Sheng Venture Capital Co., Ltd. (formerly Langfang Rong Sheng Venture Capital Co., Ltd.), Langfang Development Venture Capital Co., Ltd., Hebei Jinjida Venture Capital Co., Ltd., and other regions in the same province.
The third milestone is the establishment of regional strategic cooperation between Langfang and Zhongguancun Science Park, which indicates that Langfang's scientific and technological development has entered a stage of coordinated development. 20 1 1 On July 2, 2008, the Zhongguancun Science Park Management Committee and Langfang Municipal Government signed the Framework Agreement on Regional Strategic Cooperation, formally establishing a regional strategic cooperation relationship. This will promote the development of high-tech industries in Langfang, further optimize the layout of industrial structure, change the mode of economic growth, and build an eco-city in Langfang. At the same time, further improve the scientific and technological innovation system, technology transfer and achievement transformation service system of the capital economic circle, and promote the development of the capital economic circle. [3]
However, through literature review and telephone interviews with relevant investment and financing departments, government departments and venture capital companies in Langfang City, the author found that the financial ecological environment supporting the development of science and technology in Langfang City is still not perfect, and the institutional environment and humanistic environment are still relatively lacking, and the venture capital mechanism of science and technology in Langfang City has not been formed.
Second, the humanistic environment of Langfang's scientific and technological development-the soft power of scientific and technological venture capital
Venture capital refers to a way of capital investment in which individuals or institutions raise capital in a certain way, invest in unlisted start-ups with high growth potential in the form of equity investment, and participate in enterprise operation by providing management services in order to obtain high capital appreciation after successful start-ups. Science and technology venture capital refers to the venture capital of high-tech enterprises. Whether at home or abroad, high-tech venture capital plays an essential catalytic role in transforming high technology into productivity in a region or even a country. Perfect venture capital mechanism is the financing support to promote high-tech industrialization, and plays an important role in developing regional economy, cultivating economic growth points, adjusting industrial structure and building an innovative society.
This topic thinks that the key to the soft power construction of Langfang science and technology venture capital mechanism is to form Langfang's own urban social capital, and a healthy social capital environment is the premise and foundation for introducing monetary capital.
(A) the concept of social capital
"Social capital is the concentration of actual or potential resources obtained by having an institutionalized relationship network." [4] (Pierre &; Bull; & bull; Bourdieu,1970); "Social structure resources are owned by individuals" [5] (Coleman); "Friends, colleagues and more general contacts, through which you get the opportunity to use other forms of capital" [6] (Ronald &; Bull; Bert); "Social capital refers to the characteristics of social organizations. For example, trust, norms and networks can improve the efficiency of society by promoting coordinated actions. " (Robert Bull; D. Putnam); "Social capital is an informal norm to help two or more individuals cooperate with each other, which can be illustrated by examples. This norm extends from the norm of reciprocity between two friends to _ _, or those complicated and exquisite doctrines such as Confucianism, covering a wide range. They must be able to illustrate with concrete examples in real interpersonal relationships. The principle of reciprocity potentially exists in my interaction with everyone, but it will only become a reality when I interact with my friends. " [7] (Francis & Bull; Fukuyama); "Social capital is about * * * sharing knowledge, understanding, norms, rules and expectations about interaction patterns, which are used by people to achieve regular activities." Eleanor & [8]; Bull; Ostrom) "Since Bourdieu and Coleman, the representative concept of social capital refers to the ability of individuals to get involved in scarce resources through social relations and benefit from them." [9] (Bian, Qiu Haixiong)
We can't understand social capital from the social background of these definitions put forward by western scholars, that is, folk associations are everywhere, especially in the United States, people of all identities, ages and personalities can freely organize and join any association-religious, moral, professional, ordinary, formal, informal and so on. These associations are unofficial and non-economic. Western scholars believe that this factor is inevitable. These organizations are of great help to improve the ability of their internal members to obtain scarce resources and promote the benign operation of society and economy. The Tocqueville model of social capital proves that "once voluntary organizations start, how can they help provide social capital and support cooperation?" The value of an organization lies in ensuring that individuals interact on a sustainable basis, thus creating one of the important conditions for cooperative development-repeated game. "[10] Therefore, the mechanism to maintain the operation of these organizations, or the way of interaction between members of organizations, is regarded as social capital. For example, whether Putnam's trust and norms, Coleman's obligations and expectations, information channels, social norms and so on. The ability that Bian said is actually the ability to obtain social relations, and what can bring benefits to him personally is the social relations he has, not the ability to establish such relations. Moreover, some profitable contacts can be established without any ability, such as family relationships. From the definition of social capital by western scholars, they all try to explain the relationship between these organizations, individuals and organizations, the role of individual members in obtaining scarce resources, and their role in economic development and social stability. Putnam saw that American citizens' participation in community activities was decreasing, so he came to the conclusion that American social capital was decreasing. Then, is the relationship between members, or a network composed of more relationships, or the trust and norms that maintain these relationships, or the interaction mode between members: reciprocity and expectation, social capital? Obviously, these scholars have not fully understood this problem.
Society itself is a complex network of relationships, which can be divided into two types: one is under the constraints of formal systems such as laws and policies, and the other is under the constraints of informal systems such as trust, culture, religious belief and morality. As a kind of capital, social capital is the interpersonal relationship, organization and inter-organization relationship under the constraint of informal system, which can bring its owners income or income expectation. Organization itself is a kind of relationship, which is a structural relationship established by a group in order to achieve a specific goal. In this way, social capital includes three relationships: interpersonal relationship; A non-governmental organization formed by a group for some non-profit purpose; Informal inter-organizational relationship between any organizations. We call interpersonal relationship micro-social capital. The latter two are called macro social capital. Micro social capital "occurs and develops due to the interactive process of human contact, communication and exchange" [1 1] Macro social capital is obtained through membership.
(B) the relationship between urbanization and social capital
In the process of urbanization, different cities form different social capital stocks, which determines the development differences between cities.
Some scholars believe that "urbanization" is not a social process that has existed since ancient times, but an inevitable phenomenon accompanied by industrialization and an objective requirement of large-scale industrial production methods. American sociologist Voss pointed out: "Urbanization refers to the whole process of changing from rural lifestyle to urban lifestyle." [4] In fact, different disciplines define urbanization from different angles. Economics emphasizes the transformation of industrial structure; Sociology emphasizes the change of lifestyle and behavior; Demography emphasizes the transfer of population from rural areas to cities. From these definitions, we can see that the main difference between cities and rural areas is that the industrial base, life and behavior of cities are different from those of rural areas. Cities have different industrial bases at different stages of economic development. The urban industrial base in the agricultural economy era is traditional commerce, while the urban industrial base in the industrial economy era is dominated by industry, while the urban industrial base in the knowledge economy era is diversified, such as modern industry, information industry and other modern tertiary industries. The industrial base of rural areas has always been agriculture. According to different economic bases, cities have different institutional bases. Therefore, the focus of urbanization in China should be to build the industrial and institutional foundation of the city.
System includes formal system and informal system. As far as the whole country is concerned, the formal system-the system formulated by the state-is generally manifested in the constitution, laws, the way of national decision-making (the number of voters and voting methods) and the management regulations implemented by judges, courts, police, bureaucracies and other similar organizations (Philip Keefer, Mary M.Shirley 2000). The design of formal systems in urban and rural areas is the same. Therefore, in the construction of institutional foundation, the construction of informal system is particularly important. Informal system refers to all kinds of habits, internalized rules, customs and etiquette (Wolfgang Kasper, Manfred E.Streit 2000) that are not supported by formal mechanism. It is manifested in people's lifestyle and behavior, and it is a humanistic environment and a symbol of the difference between urban and rural areas. The amount of social capital stock in informal system determines the development degree of urbanization.
(C) the existing form of urban social capital
At present, the indicators used to reflect the level of urbanization are generally a single indicator of the proportion of urban population, which cannot reflect the industrial basis of urbanization, let alone the institutional basis of urbanization. In order to reflect the real level of urbanization, there must be some important basic indicators. Such as economic development level, industrial structure, citizens' quality of life and lifestyle, urban infrastructure, public service management level, urban environmental quality and its sustainability. , especially the industrial level and the intangible level of people's lives. The relationship between people's health, mutual trust, harmony, freedom, equality and security is the micro-social capital foundation of urban residents' life; It is the macro-social capital foundation of urban residents to freely organize, participate in or obtain various services and rights protection that the government does not or cannot provide. If the former performs better in rural areas, then the latter is the real attraction of the city. Especially after eliminating the material differences between urban and rural areas. In other words, a high stock of micro-social capital does not necessarily bring economic prosperity. Macro social capital in the form of independent and appropriate non-profit organizations can negotiate and bargain with the government on behalf of its members. The result of these consultations is a formal system, which fully embodies the interests of the vast majority of people, but also limits possible government actions that infringe on private rights.
If a city has established a certain industrial base to meet people's material needs and corresponding social capital to meet people's non-material needs, then this city must be a city that people like and yearn for.
(D) the measurement of urban social capital
Because urban social capital exists in micro interpersonal relationships and macro non-profit organizations, different methods are used to measure it.
The construction of social capital depends on trust. The performance of trust is cooperation. Kenny & Bull; Thinking with bulls; Arrow thinks that "trust is lacking in many social characteristics with backward economic development" [12] "Economics thinks that trust is a means for the parties to seek the maximization of long-term interests in repeated games. Under a certain system, if the game will happen repeatedly, people will be more inclined to trust each other. " [ 13]
So how can we measure the degree of trust and cooperation in interpersonal relationships? Some game experiments in experimental economics provide us with measurement methods, such as four game experiments conducted by Jean Enminger1998 in five villages in East Africa. We can use the "basic bargaining game": "Give a player a fixed amount of money and share it with another anonymous player in the way he or she chooses. The second participant was told how much money the first participant received and how much money the first participant distributed to the second participant. The second participant has the right to refuse the distribution method of the first participant. If he refuses, neither participant will get anything. If the second participant accepts the suggestion of the first participant, they can all get the allocation amount decided by the proposer. " [1 1] This game model can measure the individual's willingness to cooperate under interest constraints.
"Trust game": "The experimenter provides a certain amount of money, which he or she can keep or share with the second participant in some way. No matter what bid he or she makes to the second participant, this bid will be multiplied by 3 by the experimenter, and then the second participant will have the opportunity to give a reward to the first participant. Obviously, if the first participant trusts others, the second participant is trustworthy. If the bid is 0, both of them can take one and a half times the amount that the first participant can get alone. " [1 1] This game model can measure the trust between people.
Because the macro-social capital of cities exists in the form of non-profit organizations, we can know the number of non-profit organizations owned by different cities and their "organizations", which means that these institutions have certain systems and structures; (2) privatization, that is, these institutions are separated from the state from the system; (3) non-profit, that is, these institutions do not provide profits to their operators or "owners"; (4) Autonomy, that is, these institutions basically handle their own affairs independently; Voluntary, that is, the members of these institutions are not required by law, and these institutions accept voluntary donations of time and funds to a certain extent. "[14] and so on. We can also use "product &" to measure the willingness and enthusiasm of citizens to participate in non-profit organizations: "Each participant is given a certain amount of cash, and he can contribute part or all of this cash to the & amplsquo group project &; rsquo。 Their share will be multiplied by two times by the experimenter and divided equally among the four participants. All contributions are confidential, and no one knows the number of each contribution except the experimenter. " [ 15]
Of course, these have yet to be actually operated. Practice is difficult, but with methods, urban social capital can be measured and compared, and then improved and invested.
References:
[1] Langfang Science and Technology Valley
[2] Langfang's largest science and technology venture capital institution was established.
[3] Zhongguancun Science Park and Langfang have established a regional strategic cooperative relationship.
[4] Tian Kai Coleman's social capital theory and its limitations [J]. Social Science Research, 200 1, 1.
[5] Zhang Wenhong. Theoretical Debate and Empirical Research on Social Capital [J]. Xinhua Abstract, 2003, 10.
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[7] Francis &; Bull; Fukuyama. Social Capital, Civil Society and Development [J]. Xinhua Abstract, July 2003.
[8] Eleanor & Bull; Ostrom Social Capital: Popular Fever or Basic Concept [J]. Xinhua Abstract, July 2003.
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Li Huibin, Yang Xuedong. Social capital and social development [A]. Paul &; Bull; F. whiteley. The origin of social capital [C]. Social Science Literature Publishing House, 2000:5 1.
[1 1] Coase, Ross, et al. Institution, contract and organization ―― from the perspective of new institutional economics [A]. Joan &; Bull; Ensminger. Uncivilized experimental economics: why the system works [C]. Beijing: Economic Science Press, 2003: 186- 192.
Li Huibin, Yang Xuedong. Social capital and social development [A]. sid &； Bull; Kapoor. Top-down disassembly [C]. Social Science Literature Publishing House, 2000:45.
[13] sheets. Property right, government and reputation [M]. Life &; Bull; Reading & Bull; Xinzhi Sanlian Bookstore, 200 1:47.
[14] Leicester &; Bull; Salamon et al. Jia Xijin, Wei Yu, et al. Global civil society-the perspective of non-profit sector [M]. Scientific Literature Publishing House, 2002.
Ke Wugang, Shi. Translated by Han Chaohua. Institutional Economics: Social Order and Public Policy [M]. Beijing: Published by Commercial Press, 2000.
This paper is a phased achievement of the scientific research project "Research on the Science and Technology Venture Capital Mechanism in Langfang City" (project number: 20 10023 135) of Langfang Science and Technology Bureau of Hebei Province.
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