In order to truly understand the current situation of public finance covering rural areas and objectively study the policy of public finance covering rural areas, the Agriculture Department of the Ministry of Finance sent four investigation teams to Zhejiang, Shaanxi, Sichuan and Henan in early July 2003.
Abstract This report first discusses the connotation of rural public goods, on this basis, combined with the actual investigation of typical counties in four provinces, describes the current situation of serious shortage of rural public goods supply, discusses several basic problems of public finance covering rural areas in the transition period, and then puts forward some alternative suggestions for public finance covering rural areas.
Keywords: public finance/rural public goods/financial expenditure/research
Realizing the coordinated development of urban and rural areas and economic society is an important content of building a well-off society in an all-round way. Since the reform and opening up, China's national economic and social development has made great progress, and the country's economic strength has been continuously enhanced. Especially since the implementation of the proactive fiscal policy, the pace of public infrastructure construction has been accelerated, but the allocation of social resources and financial resources is mainly inclined to industry and cities, which has widened the once-narrowed gap between urban and rural areas again, and the urban-rural dual structure is obvious. The issue of agriculture, countryside and farmers has become a prominent issue in the social and economic development of China. Therefore, it is of great practical significance not only to realize the strategy of building a well-off society in an all-round way, but also to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the sustainable development of the whole economy and society.
First, the preliminary definition of rural public goods
Compared with private products, public products mainly meet the needs of the public, and at the same time, they are non-competitive and non-exclusive, and cannot be completely or completely regulated by the market and provided by private people. As far as the national nature of rural residents is concerned, they should enjoy the same public goods and services as urban residents. In this sense, the definitions of rural public goods and quasi-public goods are the same as those of cities. However, because agriculture is the basic industry and weak industry of the national economy, farmers are a weak group with low income and low accumulation. Therefore, the scope of rural public goods and quasi-public goods is defined wider than that of cities. From the reality of rural development, the rural public goods and services covered by government public finance mainly include two types. One is pure public goods, including administrative services of rural grass-roots governments and village-level organizations, rural public infrastructure (rural roads, clean drinking water), ecological environment construction and protection, river regulation, agricultural infrastructure construction (water conservancy irrigation system, agricultural product quality and safety monitoring and testing system, agricultural information system), agricultural scientific and technological progress (basic research, pilot demonstration of major technological achievements), and rural areas. The other kind is quasi-public goods, namely rural basic education, rural medical assistance, rural social security, rural science and technology culture and so on.
Second, the status quo of public finance covering rural areas
Judging from the scope of current fiscal expenditure, public finance basically involves all public goods or services in rural areas, but the investment is insufficient, the overall coverage is insufficient, and the gap between urban and rural areas is large; The regional differences are obvious. The construction of rural public infrastructure and public services in the eastern region has improved, while the central and western regions are relatively backward, with narrow coverage of public finance, concentrated problems and sharp contradictions.
(A) rural public infrastructure construction
Rural roads in the central and western regions are in poor condition. In recent years, the state has increased its investment in rural roads. 1999 to 2002, the state invested a total of 31500 million yuan in rural roads (note: the information about rural roads comes from the situation report of the Economic Construction Department of the Ministry of Finance). In addition, 4 billion yuan of financial poverty alleviation funds each year is mainly used for rural road construction in poverty-stricken areas, which has eased to some extent. At present, there are 26 1 township and 54,000 villages in China without access to highways. Of the 6,543,800+0,430 kilometers of unpaved gravel roads in China, 923,000 kilometers are rural roads, accounting for 88.5%. There are also about 6.5438+0.2 million kilometers of simple roads between villages that are not included in the statistics. In many places, rural roads are clear and rainy, with low resilience and poor road conditions. Among the three counties in the central and western regions surveyed on the spot, there are still 29 villages in Xiping County, Henan Province without roads, and the connected roads are in poor condition, and the road hardening rate in the villages is less than 30%. There are 93 villages without roads in Dali County, Shaanxi Province. At present, 408 villages in Santai County, Sichuan Province have no access to roads.
In some areas, drinking water is difficult for people and livestock, and basic living conditions cannot be guaranteed. At the beginning of 2000, 50.2 million rural people in China had difficulty drinking water. Among them, there are 24.23 million people left over from poverty alleviation during the Seventh Five-Year Plan, which is expected to be solved by the end of 2003. The remaining 25.97 million people are newly added people with drinking water difficulties due to climate drought and water source changes in recent years. These people are mainly distributed in the midwest. Among the four counties surveyed on the spot, except for more than 95% farmers in Shangyu City, Zhejiang Province, there are not only drinking water problems for people and animals in three counties in the central and western regions, but also 32 villages in Xiping County, involving more than 20,000 people. There are 220 villages in Dali county that have not solved the drinking water problem for people and animals, involving a population of 330,000 and 75,000 large livestock. At present, there are 102 villages in Santai county where more than 60,000 people have difficulty drinking water, 4 villages are seriously short of water, and 16 villages in arid mountainous areas. Except for some people with drinking water difficulties, many rural drinking water in the central and western regions can not meet the standard of clean drinking water. Irrigation and water conservancy infrastructure is aging and disrepair, and its ability to resist natural disasters is weak.
(2) Rural medical care and public health (Note: National data comes from the Rural Public Health Report of the Social Security Department of the Ministry of Finance).
Whether in the eastern coastal developed areas or in the central and western regions, there is a huge gap between urban and rural medical and health care. As far as the country is concerned, the infant mortality rate in rural areas is about four times that in urban areas, and the maternal mortality rate is 2.4 times that in urban areas. The average life expectancy in rural areas is six years lower than that in urban areas, and the incidence of some endemic diseases and infectious diseases such as schistosomiasis in rural areas has rebounded or even revived. In terms of government input, during 199 1-2000, the government spent 69 billion yuan on rural health, accounting for 15.9% of the total health budget, and the rural health input only increased by 48.5% in 10. In 2000, only 65,438+09,965,438+0% of the government health budget was used in rural areas. Even in Shangyu City, Zhejiang Province in the east, the per capita investment ratio of urban and rural medical and health care in the 2002 fiscal budget was 9: 1. Rural medical and health undertakings are seriously backward, mainly in the following aspects: First, rural medical conditions are poor and service capacity is low. Farmers seek medical treatment mainly in village clinics, township hospitals and county hospitals. Comparatively speaking, county hospitals are far better than village clinics and township hospitals in terms of investment and equipment conditions. Medical equipment in village clinics is limited to thermometers, sphygmomanometers, etc. Among the employees, 9.2% graduated from primary school and 67.8% from ordinary junior high school, and they can only diagnose and treat ordinary minor diseases. Township hospitals have poor infrastructure and outdated equipment, most of which were equipped in the central and western regions in the 1960s and 1970s. Among health technicians, 1.4% have bachelor degree or above, and 9% have junior college degree. Second, rural medical expenses are relatively high, and it is difficult to coordinate cooperative medical care for serious diseases. From 199 1 to 2000, the per capita outpatient expenses and hospitalization expenses of farmers increased from 10.9 yuan and 473.3 yuan to 79 yuan and 289 1 yuan, respectively, increasing by 6.2 times and 5. 1 times, while the per capita income of farmers increased by 7.7% annually. Farmers dare not go to the hospital easily, and there are minor illnesses and serious illnesses. Once they are seriously ill, they are likely to fall into poverty. According to the questionnaire survey, the proportion of farmers' medical expenses in household consumption expenditure in Luxi Town, Santai County, Sichuan Province is 5.3 1%, that in Gujing Town is 8. 14%, and that in Luban Town is 10.9 1%. Most of the poor households we visited in Santai County, Sichuan Province were poor due to illness, and serious illness has become the main factor for farmers to become poor. At present, only 10% of villages in China have cooperative medical care, which is mainly concentrated in developed areas. Among the counties (cities) we investigated on the spot, only Shangyu City, Zhejiang Province started the pilot project.
(3) Rural education
China's current rural education system is a system in which local governments are responsible and counties are the mainstay. For a long time, rural basic education funds mainly come from county and township finance and farmers' fund-raising. Education funds at the central, provincial and municipal levels are mainly used for higher education and urban basic education, and the proportion used for rural basic education is very low. In 20001year, the rural education expenditure in the financial budget was 73.869 billion yuan, of which the rural education expenditure of the central government was 9.732 billion yuan, accounting for only 65.438+0.3.17%. Although in recent years, especially since the pilot reform of rural taxes and fees, the central government and provincial and municipal governments have increased their investment in rural basic education, it still accounts for only a small proportion. According to the survey, the current situation of rural basic education: First, teachers' salaries are basically solved, and there is a big gap in hardware facilities. The salaries of teachers in rural primary and secondary schools in our county are basically settled, and the enrollment rate of school-age children is close to 100%, but the hardware facilities such as school buildings, equipment and playgrounds are generally backward. Dali County, Shaanxi Province also has 36,000 square meters of dilapidated buildings that leak rain. In 200 1 year, the "National Reconstruction Project of Dangerous Buildings in Primary and Secondary Schools" was implemented. By the end of 2002, the total funds for the renovation of dangerous buildings in primary and secondary schools in 25 provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and Xinjiang Corps reached 654.38+0.2 billion yuan, and the area of D-class dangerous buildings (the most dangerous) was 30 million square meters. The proportion of dilapidated buildings in primary and secondary schools nationwide has dropped from 9.6% before the renovation to 7.6%. Second, the cost of basic education is too high for farmers to bear. According to the direct questionnaire survey of farmers in Henan, Shaanxi and Sichuan, the cost of schooling for rural children is the biggest expenditure of farmers' families at present. In Dali County, Shaanxi Province, the average expenditure of peasant families in 2002 was 7869.07 yuan, of which 2765438 yuan +04.07 yuan, accounting for 35%. In 2002, the average expenditure of peasant families in Baoji County was 82 19.63 yuan, of which the expenditure for children's schooling was 2334.67 yuan, accounting for 28%. Among the 30 farmers surveyed in Gujing Town, Santai County, Sichuan Province, the expenditure on schooling accounts for 33.47% of household consumption expenditure, 30.57% in Luxi Town and 28.75% in Luban Town. Some children drop out of school because they can't afford the tuition. Local farmers said, "The school is beautiful, but fewer and fewer children can afford to go to school." Third, the level of teachers is low and the quality of education is not high. At present, due to conditions such as salary and housing, some teachers with high quality and strong teaching ability in rural primary and secondary schools either flow to cities or leave their teaching posts. The overall level of teachers is difficult to guarantee, the enrollment rate is low, the dropout rate of 9-year compulsory education is relatively low, and the dropout rate of high school is rising sharply. It is common to have to pay tens of thousands of yuan because of 1 or low test scores. At the same time, rural employment skills training is mainly organized by some non-governmental departments or institutions, and only farmers with certain economic strength can participate. When most farmers go out to work or engage in non-agricultural employment, they can only do some rough work, heavy work and dirty work because they can't get effective employment skills training, which is very unstable.
(D) Rural social security issues
Although the Ministry of Civil Affairs is studying ways to help poor rural households, at present, the rural minimum living security system and the medical insurance system for migrant workers' work-related injuries are only started in some areas. Such as Beijing, Shanghai, Zhejiang and Shandong. A unified minimum living security system for urban and rural areas was initially established, and the rural poor were included in the minimum living security scope. In 2003, Guangxi introduced the medical insurance system for migrant workers' work-related injuries. However, the rural population in these areas only accounts for 16.56% of the national rural population, and the rural social security coverage rate is very low.
(5) Agricultural infrastructure construction and agricultural science and technology progress.
At present, the national financial support for agricultural infrastructure and agricultural scientific and technological progress has been reflected in the budget arrangements of various subjects, but the total investment is insufficient, the expenditure structure is unreasonable and the effectiveness is not strong. There are both vacancies and offside. Offside is mainly due to the excessive staff of agricultural institutions supported by the government, excessive expenditure on the circulation of agricultural products, and some products or services that should be regulated by the market or provided by the private sector are also borne by the government. However, the investment in agricultural science and technology and the quality and safety of agricultural products accounts for a very low proportion of the government's fiscal expenditure.
(six) the operation of rural grass-roots institutions
County and township (town) debts are serious. Three counties, counties, townships and villages in the central and western regions surveyed on the spot all have debts. At present, the debts of counties, townships and villages in Xiping County, Henan Province have accumulated to 220 million yuan, of which rural debts are as high as 65.438+0.4 billion yuan; By the end of 2002, the accumulated deficit of hua county over the years was 2210.2 million yuan, and the county's debts totaled 290 million yuan. The accumulated deficit of Santai County in Sichuan Province is 6 1.23 million yuan, and the total debt of the county is 1. 1 billion yuan (five times the fiscal revenue of the county in 2002).
Due to financial difficulties, most township party and government organizations in the central and western regions have low office expenses and are difficult to operate. Most of the salaries of township cadres are "naked salaries" and cannot be paid normally.
There are many reasons why the overall quality of rural public goods supply is low and the contradiction is prominent. First of all, the current system leads to the dual structure of urban and rural social and economic development, and the investment gap between urban and rural areas is obvious. At present, the institutional structure of China is centered on industry and city, and the allocation of public financial resources has obvious industrial preference and urban preference. Urban public goods and services are basically supplied by public finance, such as public infrastructure, education, medical care and social security. In rural areas, although all levels of finance have arranged certain expenditures for public goods and services, both the total level and the relative level are relatively low. According to preliminary statistics, in 200 1 year, the national financial investment in agriculture, rural areas and farmers was 330 billion yuan, accounting for 13% of the total financial expenditure. If the national debt funds are deducted, it accounts for about 1 1% of the total fiscal expenditure. According to the field survey in hua county, the total population is 654.38+0.22 million, and the agricultural population is 654.38+0.10.3 million, accounting for 93% of the total population. In 2002, the per capita financial public construction investment in the county was 1, 3 1 yuan, while the per capita financial public construction investment in rural areas was 7.55 yuan, only 5.8% of the per capita level. Secondly, the county and township levels have limited financial resources and are unable to guarantee the supply of rural public goods. At present, the input of rural public goods is mainly borne by county and township governments, but it is difficult for county and township governments to provide strong support because of their financial difficulties. From 1998 to 2002, Xiping County of Henan Province spent 1009, 1028, 1 17 10000 and 65438+ respectively to support the development of rural social undertakings and the construction of living infrastructure. The situation in other counties is roughly the same. Third, the supply subject of rural public goods is misplaced, and the financial rights and powers are asymmetric. Under the current system, although the central and local governments have divided financial power, the power of affairs is still vague, especially in the supply of rural public goods and services. Some public goods that should have been invested by the higher-level government are provided by the lower-level government through the transfer of power, and even the villagers' self-government committees take on more government affairs, resulting in serious dislocation of the supply subjects. For example, basic education and family planning are basic national policies, which involve the long-term development and long-term stability of the whole country. They are national public goods and should be shared by the central finance and local governments. However, at present, these powers are mainly borne by counties, township governments and villages, and the proportion of central and provincial governments is relatively low. Fourth, the investment gap left by the tax and fee reform cannot be made up for the time being. In the past, the village collective office mainly relied on reservation and fund-raising. After the reform of rural taxes and fees, farmers' taxes were regulated systematically, and all kinds of fund-raising, apportionment and charging behaviors for farmers were stopped. However, at present, the transfer payment from the central and provincial finance can only ensure the operation of grass-roots political power and the needs of rural education, and the construction of rural public infrastructure and the development of public utilities lack corresponding sources of funds. According to the national standards of 15 yuan per person per year and "one thing, one discussion"
Three, public * * * financial coverage of rural areas need to consider several issues
China is in the period of social and economic transformation, with limited national financial resources and constantly improving the institutional framework of public finance. Therefore, it is a gradual process for public finance to cover rural areas. In this process, there are several issues that need to be seriously considered.
(a) Sustained industrialization and urbanization
China is in a historical period of building a well-off society in an all-round way and accelerating the process of industrialization and urbanization. With the continuous advancement of industrialization and urbanization, China's urban and rural resource allocation structure, population distribution structure, employment structure and social structure will inevitably undergo tremendous changes, which is an objective and inevitable trend and an inevitable choice to realize the strategy of building a well-off society in an all-round way. Therefore, the public finance covering rural areas must adapt to this trend and promote the process of industrialization and urbanization. The allocation of public financial resources between urban and rural areas should be appropriate to avoid going from one extreme to the other.
(B) the cost of public finance covering rural areas
There are 39,000 townships and 695,000 administrative villages in China (note: the main data of the national rural economy is 1978—2002, and the rural socio-economic survey corps of the National Bureau of Statistics, 2003). According to natural villages, there are more villages. If public finance covers rural areas according to the existing rural layout and population distribution, it not only needs huge financial expenditure, but also needs a lot of organization and investment. At the same time, with the improvement of urbanization level, some villages and towns will merge. If public finance covers rural areas according to the existing rural layout and population distribution, it will also cause waste and allocation failure of public financial resources. From the practice of "Merging Villages" in Japan and "New Rural Movement" in South Korea, even in Japan and South Korea, where the population density is higher than that in China, the corresponding concentration of rural population and the proper merger of living villages are the necessary prerequisites for public finance to cover rural areas and effectively allocate public financial resources.
(C) the objective existence of urban-rural differences
Judging from the actual situation in China, narrowing the gap of unbalanced development can be said to be one of the most important connotations of "building a well-off society in an all-round way". However, it needs to be emphasized that it is impossible for us to eliminate this gap in a fairly long historical period. In a sense, this gap is also one of the driving forces of urbanization. One of the goals of building a well-off society in an all-round way put forward in the report of the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China is to gradually reverse the trend of widening differences between workers and peasants, between urban and rural areas and between regions. Therefore, to improve rural public services, we should recognize the reality of urban-rural differences, seek truth from facts, do what we can, gradually solve the problem of lagging rural public services, and gradually reverse the "three major differences", instead of forcing rural roads, drinking water, schools, sports, street lamps, garbage stations and other public services to meet the same standards as cities. This is unrealistic and unrealistic.
(D) regional differences in the level of economic development
China is a populous country and a vast developing country, and the imbalance of economic and social development among regions is objective. In 2002, the per capita GDP of developed areas in southeast China exceeded 1400 US dollars, and that of big cities such as Beijing and Shanghai exceeded 3,000 US dollars, while the average level of nine western provinces was less than 600 US dollars. In 200 1 year, the per capita consumption expenditure of urban households in China was 5309 yuan, while that of rural households was only 174 1 yuan. When farmers in Shangyu City, Zhejiang Province began to consider agricultural modernization and rural urbanization, farmers in Xiping County, Santai County and Dali County in the central and western regions were still worried about draught and water use. When the farmers in Shangyu began to pursue high-grade spiritual life, the farmers in Xiping County, Santai County and Dali County were still digging food from the soil with their backs to the loess. When the business of farmers in Shangyu began to go abroad, farmers in Xiping County, Santai County and Dali County were still looking at the fields and didn't know what the world outside the mountain was like. When the household appliances of Shangyu farmers are upgraded and luxury cars enter people's homes, farmers in Xiping County, Santai County and Dali County may not be able to use electricity or afford it. The difference between the eastern and central and western regions is obvious, and this difference has a trend of further expansion. Therefore, when formulating the goals and policies of rural public services and building a well-off society, we should recognize the differences and imbalances in economic development between the eastern and central and western regions. On this basis, it is necessary to treat differently, guide by classification, and rationally design and formulate the objectives and standards of rural public service construction in the eastern, central and western regions.
(V) Financial system and pattern of financial resources
The tax-sharing system standardizes the distribution relationship between the central and local governments, mobilizes the enthusiasm of the central and local governments, and enhances the macro-control ability of the central government. At the same time, a relatively standardized transfer payment system has been initially established, and the central-local transfer payment has increased year by year. However, because the tax-sharing financial management system largely retains the old institutional factors formed under the planned economy system, the imperfection of the financial system makes the distribution of financial resources show the following characteristics: First, the financial resources are collected step by step, and the central and provincial financial resources account for a large proportion of the national financial resources, which is necessary for strengthening macro-control and national economic construction in a certain period of time, but the county and township financial resources are weak and cannot guarantee the rural public products they undertake. Second, the tax-sharing system of 1994 was determined on the basis of the contracted base of fiscal revenue and expenditure at that time, which was very accidental and arbitrary. With the passage of time and the change of economic situation, the irrationality of these revenue and expenditure bases has become increasingly prominent, and the financial differences between regions have further expanded. Santai county in Sichuan province is 265.438 billion yuan, while Xiping county in Henan province and Dali county in Shaanxi province are less than 65.438 billion yuan, which is far from the financial level of Shangyu city in Zhejiang province. Therefore, the current financial structure determines the expenditure capacity of public finance in different levels and regions, and objectively determines that the expenditure of public finance covering rural areas at this stage should be mainly borne by the central finance and provincial finance, and the policy choices of public finance covering rural areas in different regions should also be different. For the central and western regions, the financial situation of the government determines that the supply of rural public goods in these areas should be within our capabilities, especially not in a hurry.
(six) to distinguish between priorities, overall planning, highlighting the main contradictions.
The effective supply of rural public goods and services and the improvement of farmers' living standards not only have physiological needs, that is, the survival needs of food, clothing, housing and transportation are met to a higher degree, but also need to realize the development needs above the survival needs. Development needs include not only the extension of physiological needs, such as health and leisure, but also social needs, such as improving cultural level, mastering more social competitive skills and realizing one's ideals and ambitions, that is, "promoting people's all-round development". In the vast rural areas of China, especially in the central and western regions, the shortage of public goods and services is very serious. Not to mention the all-round development of people, even the basic problems of food, clothing, housing and transportation have not been completely solved. China's financial and economic strength is still not strong, and it is very difficult and arduous to solve the problems of farmers and rural areas, which account for the vast majority of population and land area. In terms of ideological understanding, we can neither be pessimistic nor see hope; You can't be blindly optimistic and imagine that you can solve the problem overnight. We should be mentally prepared to fight hard and protracted wars. In terms of strategy, we should focus on the long term, base ourselves on the present, prioritize, make overall plans and solve them one by one.
Fourth, the proposal of public finance covering rural areas.
(1) Adjust the national income distribution structure and fiscal expenditure structure, and increase public financial input to rural areas.
Adjust the structure of fiscal expenditure, make a fuss about both stock adjustment and incremental adjustment, focus on incremental adjustment, and gradually increase investment in solving the "three rural issues". The stock adjustment mainly includes: redistributing the existing financial resources of education, health and culture, and increasing the financial input of rural education, culture and health; Adjust financial subsidies in the field of grain circulation and increase direct subsidies to grain farmers; Adjust the allocation of government agricultural management functions, integrate agricultural financial funds, re-establish the classification of agricultural financial funds according to the establishment of market economy system, the framework of public financial system and the development needs after China's entry into WTO, reduce overlapping and intermediate links, and improve the efficiency of agricultural financial funds. Incremental adjustment mainly includes: conscientiously implementing the policy that the new expenditure on education, health, culture and science and technology is mainly used in rural areas, with the proportion not less than 70% in 2004 and reaching more than 80% after 2005; Adjust the proportion of national debt investment. In 2004-2005, the proportion used in agriculture and rural areas increased from the current 1/3 to 2/3, and gradually increased to over 80% after 2006. At the same time, tax incentives, interest subsidies and other measures are taken to encourage other social forces to enter the field of agricultural and rural social development.
(2) Reasonably determine the priority of public finance covering rural areas.
The limitation of national financial resources determines that the priority of public finance covering rural areas must be carried out in stages and regions. The basic principles of ranking should be: first, ensure the social stability of rural areas and the basic needs of farmers, and then create conditions to promote rural development; Ensure pure public products first, and then provide quasi-public products and mixed products.
In the actual investigation, we designed relevant questionnaires to investigate the needs of local governments and farmers. The statistical results show that in recent years, due to the lack of financial resources, county and township governments have become more and more dependent on higher-level transfer payments. Most of the county and township financial expenditures are mainly used for administrative institutions and education expenditures, and agricultural and rural public enterprises can only rely on transfer payments from their superiors. In the questionnaire survey of farmers, we listed the infrastructure construction such as roads and bridges; Increase investment in education, build school buildings and improve the level of teachers; Reducing tuition fees for students; Solve irrigation water; Increase medical points and reduce the burden of seeing a doctor; Carry out technical training; Solve the problem of watching TV and other items 1 1 can be selected by farmers. Because of the different natural and economic conditions in different places, farmers' choices are different, but if regional differences are excluded, farmers' focus is mainly on the construction of infrastructure such as roads, bridges and water conservancy. The attention rate of farmers in Henan Province is as high as 100%. The concern rate of farmers in Dali County, Shaanxi Province reached 79.6%. The attention rate of farmers in Shangyu City, Zhejiang Province reached 52%.
The second is to reduce the cost of children's schooling. Up to 93.33% farmers in Xiping County, Henan Province are paying attention to this problem. 87% farmers in Dali county, Shaanxi province are concerned about this problem; 83.3% farmers in Baoji county, Shaanxi province are concerned about this problem; 80% farmers in Shangyu City, Zhejiang Province are paying attention to this problem. The third is to increase investment in education, repair school buildings and improve the level of teachers. The concern rate of farmers in Henan Province reached 92.22%; The concern rate of farmers in Baoji County, Shaanxi Province reached 88.9%; The attention rate of farmers in Shangyu City, Zhejiang Province reached 80%; The attention rate of farmers in Dali County, Shaanxi Province reached 63%. The fourth is to increase medical points and reduce the burden of seeing a doctor. The attention rate of farmers in Baoji County, Shaanxi Province reached 90.7%. The attention rate of farmers in Henan province is 72.22%; The concern rate of farmers in Dali County, Shaanxi Province is 70.4%. The attention rate of farmers in Shangyu City, Zhejiang Province reached 6 1%. The fifth is to help develop production and carry out technical training.
(3) In policy design, we should leave an interface for the coordinated development of urban and rural areas.
It is a long-term goal of economic and social development to let rural residents enjoy national treatment and enjoy the same public services as urban residents, which means that the institutional arrangement of urban and rural unified public goods and services will eventually form. However, the realization of this goal is a gradual process, which requires that the needs of future urban-rural policy unification should be considered in the initial policy design of rural public goods supply.